Siapa Kita? Sebuah Kritik Representasi dalam Etnografi
Abstract
Tulisan ini mencoba mengkritisi ide tentang representasi dan generalisasi yang ada dalam karya etnografi. Kritik yang dilontarkan adalah bahwa dalam penggambaran etnografis yang ditulis para peneliti mengalami bias dan tidak bisa dipercaya, karena disiplin-disiplin akademis mereka muncul dari sebuah periode sejarah Eropa yang ditandai oleh penjajahan dan pengetahuan yang dihasilkan dianggap sebagai motor bagi mesin-mesin dominasi “Barat”. Perdebatan yang timbul belakangan ini terfokus pada pertanyaan apakah etnografer sebagai “subjek-subjek” partikular itu mampu menghasilkan gambaran-gambaran kebudayaan dan the others yang andal dan obyektif. Di sini teks-teks dalam karya etnografi berperan sebagai pengantar atau pembuka terhadap wacana dan perdebatan tentang ide-ide representasi dan generalisasi dalam karya etnografi. Selanjutnya penulis melakukan analisis dan interpretasi menggunakan pemikiran James Clifford dan Lila Abu-Lughod tentang teori dekolonialisasi dalam antropologi. Interpretasi dilakukan dengan menarasikan kritik ke dalam wacana atau diskursus tentang ide-ide tentang representasi dan generalisasi dalam karya etnografi.
This paper tries to criticize the ideas about representation and generalization that exist in ethnographic works. The criticism leveled is that in ethnographic descriptions written by researchers is biased and unreliable, because their academic disciplines emerged from a period of European history marked by colonialism and the knowledge it produced was seen as the engine for “Western” domination machines. Recent debates have focused on the question of whether ethnographers as particular “subjects” are capable of producing reliable and objective images of culture and the others. Here the texts in ethnographic works act as introductions or openings to discourses and debates about representational ideas and generalizations in ethnographic works. Next, the author analyzes and interprets using the thoughts of James Clifford and Lila Abu-Lughod on the theory of decolonization in anthropology. Interpretation is done by narrating criticism into discourse or discourse about ideas about representation and generalizations in ethnographic works.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1991. Writing Against Culture. In: Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present, edited by R. G. Fox. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, pp. 137-62.
Chua, Liana and Nayanika Mathur. 2018. WHO ARE ‘WE’? Reimagining Alterity and Affinity in Anthropology. New York: Berghahn Books.
Clifford, James. 1986. Introduction: Partial Truths. In: Clifford, James/Marcus, George E. (eds.): Writing Culture. The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. (pp. 1-26).
Denzin, Norman K. 2002. Confronting Ethnography’s Crisis of Representation. In: Review Symposium: Crisis in Representation. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 482- 490.
DuBois, Cora. 1944. The People of Alor: A Social-Psychological Study of an East Indian Island. Minepolis: University of Minesota Press.
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland/Nielsen, Finn Sivert. 2013. A History of Anthropology. London, Pluto Press.
Escobar, Arturo. 1993. Review: The Limits of Reflexivity: Politics in Anthropology's Post-Writing.
Guba, Egon S, Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1981. Effective Evalution: Improving the Usefulness of Evalution Results Through Responsive and Naturalistic Approaches. San Francisco: Josey-Bass Publishers.
Guba, Egon S, Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Keesing, Roger M. 1989. Antropologi Budaya: suatu persperktif kontemporer, edisi kedua, jilid 1, Terjemahan S. Gunawan, Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. New York: E.P. Dutton Et Co. Inc.
Marcus, George E., Michael M.J. Fischer. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in The Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCarthy, Thomas. 1992. Review: Doing the Right Thing in Cross-Cultural Representation. In: Ethics, Vol. 102, No. 3, pp. 635-649.
Mead, Margaret. 1928. Coming of Age in Samoa. New York: Morrow.
Rorty, Richard, J.B. Cheneewind, & Quentin Skinner (eds.). 1984. Philosophy in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strathern, Marilyn. 1988. The Gender of the Gift. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Tsing, Anna L. 2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/antro.v10i1.47337
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 86 timesPDF - 46 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License