A Review: Modified Graphene-Based Voltammetric Sensors for Heavy Metal Detection in Water Samples
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v9i1.72345Keywords:
graphene, heavy metals, voltammetric sensor, surface modification, voltammetricAbstract
Heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments poses a serious environmental and public health concern, requiring analytical methods that are sensitive, selective, and suitable for on-site analysis. Voltammetric electrochemical sensors have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional techniques due to their low cost, portability, rapid response, and high sensitivity. Graphene, with its high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability, has been widely utilized as an electrode material to enhance sensor performance. However, pristine graphene often exhibits limited selectivity toward specific metal ions. To address this limitation, various surface modification strategies have been developed, including functionalization with chelating ligands, ion-selective polymers, nanoparticles, and composite materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in modified graphene-based voltammetric sensors for heavy metal detection in water samples, covering voltammetric principles, graphene modification strategies, analytical performance, and practical environmental applications.References
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