The Effect of Composition, Temperature, and Mole Fraction on Solubility in Ternary Diagram of Oil, Water, Soapnuts (Sapindus Rarak DC.)

Authors

  • Maria Yovinta Silitonga Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, 20221, Indonesia
  • Amanda Revalona Sitepu Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, 20221, Indonesia
  • Cynthia Crasela Siregar Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, 20221, Indonesia
  • Edwin Pakpahan Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, 20221, Indonesia
  • Moondra Zubir Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, 20221, Indonesia
  • Ani Sutiani Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, 20221, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v9i1.72423

Keywords:

ternary diagram, soapnuts, solubility, phase equilibrium, natural surfactants

Abstract

This study analyzed the effect of composition, temperature, and mole fraction on solubility in a three-component equilibrium system consisting of oil, water, and soapnuts (Sapindus rarak DC.) as a natural surfactant. The study was conducted by extracting soapberry through boiling and titrating at temperatures of 30°C, 50°C, and 70°C with oil-surfactant ratios (1:5, 2:4, 3:3, 4:2, and 5:1). The volume of water to the turbidity point was measured to observe solubility. The results showed that the composition ratio and temperature affected solubility. Increasing the oil ratio required more water for the emulsion, while a higher surfactant ratio stabilized the emulsion. Higher temperatures increased solubility, but extreme temperatures caused phase separation. The optimal ratio for a stable emulsion was 3:3 at 70°C with the lowest water volume (1.3 mL). This study produced a ternary diagram depicting the solubility region.

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Published

2026-01-31

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): JANUARY 2026

Section

Articles