IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOHETEROTROPHIC PLANTS (Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae, Polygalaceae, Tiuridaceae) IN NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA

The majority of mycoheterotrophic herbs live in shady and humid forest. Therefore, the types of mycoheterotrophic plant are very abundant in tropical areas. One of the areas in Indonesia with the tropics is North Sumatera province. Unfortunately, the information about the species of mycoheterotrophic in North Sumatra is still limited. The objective of the research was to figure out the types of mycoheterotrophic plants in North Sumatra. The study was conducted in August until October 2019 in several areas of the Natural Resources Conservation Hall (BBKSDA) of North Sumatra province, the nature Reserve and nature Park. The research sites covered Tinggi Raja Nature Reserve, Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve, Sibolangit Tourist Park and Sicike-Cike Natural Park. In conducting sampling, the method used was through exploration or cruising method. The list of mycoheterotrophic plant species presented in this study consisted of their scientific names, synonyms, descriptions, distributions, and ecological information. A total of 9 species of mycoheterotrophic plants (4 families) in Sumatra have been found. As for the family Burmanniaceae, there are three species Burmannia championii, Burmannia lutescens, Gymnosiphon aphyllus. On the other hand, as for the Orchidaceae, there are 4 species, such as Didymoplexis pallens, Eulophia zollingeri, Galeola lindleyana, Gastrodia verrucosa while for the Poligalaceae and Tiuridaceae family, simply one type is found: Epirixanthes elongata and Sciaphila Secundiflora, respectively. Keyword: Mycoheterotrophic, Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae, Poligalaceae, Tiuridaceae Introduction Mycoheterotrophic plants were initially found in 1866 by Odoardo Beccari, an Italian botanist at Mount Matang, Sarawak, Malaysia (Razka 2018) and were introduced by Leake (1994). The plants were known as saprophyte but they were turned into mycoheterotrophic because the meaning of saprophytes was considered less appropriate and often interpreted incorrectly (Leake 2005). Grouping the plants is on the basis of the loss of their ability to perform photosynthesis so as to acquire nutrients from soil, they need to associate with mycorrhizal. Thus, their growth is highly dependent on the rainy season which can affect the condition of light intensity, temperature, pH and soil humidity of their habitat. The condition also affects the emergence of mycoheterotrophic plants (Leake 2005). A specific morphological characteristic that can be observed is that they possess no green leaves (Muhaimin et al. 2017; Leake 1994; Merckx et al. 2013). In some recent literature, Mycoheterotrophic plants can be also called holomycotrophic plants (Campbell, 2014). Currently, Mycoheterotrophic has 17 families, 101 genera and 880 species (Merckx et al. 2013) that consists of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta. The nail plants that associate with fungi come from the families of Lycopodiaceae, Ophioglossaceae and Psilotaceae (Muhaimin et al. 2017). Flowering Plants (Spermatophyta) consist of ten families with 89 genera. The Monochotil is Burmanniaceae, Thismiaceae, Corsiaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Peterosoviaceae, and Triuridaceae. The Dichotil is Ericaceae, Gentianaceae and Polygalaceae. The majority of mycoheterotrophic plants live in a shady and humid forest habitat. Jurnal Biosains Vol. 6 No. 2 Agustus 2020 ISSN 2443-1230 (cetak) DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v6i2.17608 ISSN 2460-6804 (online) 60 Therefore, the types of mycoheterotrophic are highly abundant in tropical areas (Leake 1994). One of the areas with the tropics is North Sumatra province. North Sumatra is located at 1 °-4 ° N and 98 °-100 ° E, with total area of 7,981.23 km2. The boundaries of North Sumatra province are Aceh province (north), Straits of Malacca (east), Riau Province and West Sumatra (south) as well as Aceh Province and Indonesian Ocean (west). North Sumatra has a tropical wet climate with average rainfall ranging from 800-4,000 mm per year. The average sunlight illumination intensity is 43% while air humidity varies between 78%-91% (BPS 2013). Forest is a unity of ecosystem in the form of land that contains natural resources dominated by trees in the natural fellowship of the environment where one with the other cannot be separated. Forest areas are particular territories designated and/or set by the Government to be retained as a permanent forest. In North Sumatra, the area covers 3,742,120 ha or 52.20% of the entire area of the province which has an area of 7,168,000 ha (Law No. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry). The whole forest is a conservation area. Conservation forests in Sumatra are unique to the lowlands, highlands, and mountains. The area which become the site of the present research is that at a height of 360 1,500 meters above sea level (masl). Unfortunately, the information about the species of mycoheterotrophic plants in North Sumatra is limited. The present research could be an initial effort to generate new knowledge and provide important information about mycoheterotrophic species which can benefit many parties such as researchers, students and lecturers who are interested in the study of mycoheterotrophic. Materials And Methods This present study was conducted in August until October 2019 in several areas of the Natural Resources Conservation Hall (BBKSDA) of North Sumatra province, the nature Reserve and nature Park. The research sites covered Tinggi Raja Nature Reserve, Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve, Sibolangit Tourist Park and Sicike-Cike Natural Park. The sites were selected because they have a forest function that is not disturbed from land conversion and illegal logging. They also have place for mycoheterotrophic to live in, which is a tree, that forms a canopy so that it has a closed and damp land. This refers to the habitat of mycoheterotrophic plants that are not exposed to sunlight. In conducting sampling, the method used was through exploration. Each of the samples found at the given sites was photographed and the plants were taken for herbarium and identification purposes. The identification of mycoheterotrophic plants based on several morphological features such as habitus, stems, flowers, roots and matched using literature. The list of mycoheterotrophic species presented in the present study consists of scientific names, synonyms, descriptions, distributions, ecological information. The species are categorized as mikohototrophic that can be fully characterized based on the absence of green leaves (Leake 1994; Merckx et al . 2013) Tabel 1. Sampling Coordinates No Location Coordinate 1. Tinggi Raja Nature Reserve N 03008’35.4” E 098047’25.9” 2. Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve N 01032’33.46” E 099016’33.37” 3. Sibolangit Tourist Park N 03019’54.0” E 098035’04.3” 4. Sicike-Cike Natural Park N 02°38'44.60" E 098°22'49.35" Jurnal Biosains Vol. 6 No. 2 Agustus 2020 ISSN 2443-1230 (cetak) DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v6i2.17608 ISSN 2460-6804 (online) 61 Figure 1. Locations Map of Mycoheterotrophic Plant Sampling in North Sumatra Result And Discussion Results of the field explorations found nine species of mycoheterotrophic plants (4 families, 8 genera); namely, Burmaniaceae, Orchidaceae, Polygalaceae, dan Tiuridaceae. the Burmaniaceae family has one species which is Burmannia lutescens. As for the Orchidaceae, there are two species: Epipogium roseum and Gastrodia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie (Table 2) Table 2. Mycoheterotrophic plants found in North Sumatra


Introduction
Mycoheterotrophic plants were initially found in 1866 by Odoardo Beccari, an Italian botanist at Mount Matang, Sarawak, Malaysia (Razka 2018) and were introduced by Leake (1994). The plants were known as saprophyte but they were turned into mycoheterotrophic because the meaning of saprophytes was considered less appropriate and often interpreted incorrectly (Leake 2005). Grouping the plants is on the basis of the loss of their ability to perform photosynthesis so as to acquire nutrients from soil, they need to associate with mycorrhizal. Thus, their growth is highly dependent on the rainy season which can affect the condition of light intensity, temperature, pH and soil humidity of their habitat. The condition also affects the emergence of mycoheterotrophic plants (Leake 2005). A specific morphological characteristic that can be observed is that they possess no green leaves (Muhaimin et al. 2017;Leake 1994;Merckx et al. 2013). In some recent literature, Mycoheterotrophic plants can be also called holomycotrophic plants (Campbell, 2014).
Currently, Mycoheterotrophic has 17 families, 101 genera and 880 species (Merckx et al. 2013) that consists of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta. The nail plants that associate with fungi come from the families of Lycopodiaceae, Ophioglossaceae and Psilotaceae (Muhaimin et al. 2017). Flowering Plants (Spermatophyta) consist of ten families with 89 genera. The Monochotil is Burmanniaceae, Thismiaceae, Corsiaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Peterosoviaceae, and Triuridaceae. The Dichotil is Ericaceae, Gentianaceae and Polygalaceae. The majority of mycoheterotrophic plants live in a shady and humid forest habitat. Jurnal Biosains Vol. 6 No. 2 Agustus 2020ISSN 2443-1230(cetak) DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v6i2.17608 ISSN 2460 Therefore, the types of mycoheterotrophic are highly abundant in tropical areas (Leake 1994). One of the areas with the tropics is North Sumatra province. North Sumatra is located at 1 °-4 ° N and 98 °-100 ° E, with total area of 7,981.23 km². The boundaries of North Sumatra province are Aceh province (north), Straits of Malacca (east), Riau Province and West Sumatra (south) as well as Aceh Province and Indonesian Ocean (west). North Sumatra has a tropical wet climate with average rainfall ranging from 800-4,000 mm per year. The average sunlight illumination intensity is 43% while air humidity varies between 78%-91% (BPS 2013).
Forest is a unity of ecosystem in the form of land that contains natural resources dominated by trees in the natural fellowship of the environment where one with the other cannot be separated. Forest areas are particular territories designated and/or set by the Government to be retained as a permanent forest. In North Sumatra, the area covers 3,742,120 ha or 52.20% of the entire area of the province which has an area of 7,168,000 ha (Law No. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry). The whole forest is a conservation area. Conservation forests in Sumatra are unique to the lowlands, highlands, and mountains. The area which become the site of the present research is that at a height of 360 -1,500 meters above sea level (masl).
Unfortunately, the information about the species of mycoheterotrophic plants in North Sumatra is limited. The present research could be an initial effort to generate new knowledge and provide important information about mycoheterotrophic species which can benefit many parties such as researchers, students and lecturers who are interested in the study of mycoheterotrophic.

Materials And Methods
This present study was conducted in August until October 2019 in several areas of the Natural Resources Conservation Hall (BBKSDA) of North Sumatra province, the nature Reserve and nature Park. The research sites covered Tinggi Raja Nature Reserve, Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve, Sibolangit Tourist Park and Sicike-Cike Natural Park. The sites were selected because they have a forest function that is not disturbed from land conversion and illegal logging. They also have place for mycoheterotrophic to live in, which is a tree, that forms a canopy so that it has a closed and damp land. This refers to the habitat of mycoheterotrophic plants that are not exposed to sunlight.
In conducting sampling, the method used was through exploration. Each of the samples found at the given sites was photographed and the plants were taken for herbarium and identification purposes. The identification of mycoheterotrophic plants based on several morphological features such as habitus, stems, flowers, roots and matched using literature.
The list of mycoheterotrophic species presented in the present study consists of scientific names, synonyms, descriptions, distributions, ecological information. The species are categorized as mikohototrophic that can be fully characterized based on the absence of green leaves (Leake 1994;Merckx et al . 2013

Result And Discussion
Results of the field explorations found nine species of mycoheterotrophic plants (4 families, 8 genera); namely, Burmaniaceae, Orchidaceae, Polygalaceae, dan Tiuridaceae. the Burmaniaceae family has one species which is Burmannia lutescens. As for the Orchidaceae, there are two species: Epipogium roseum and Gastrodia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie (

& T.Suzuki
The height is 104 -114 mm. This plant is parasitic on fungus. The stem is reddish purple and its branches are near the flower. The stem is round with a diameter of 0.6 to 0.7 mm and a smooth texture. The flowers are purple with a length of 3.9 -7.2 mm. Its roots are fiber. The species is saprophyte with height of 9-14 cm. The stem is round with a diameter of 1.4 -1.8 mm near the flower. The surface is glossy and slippery. It is not branched; the flowers appear in its segments. Its flowers can reach 20 items, but only one or two bloom at almost the same time. The flowers are white yet the bloom is not perfect. The stems are round with a length of 4-6 mm, but they will elongate when they turn into fruit. The sepal's length is 1 cm, petal 0.8 cm. Its lips erect and round. Location found: Sicike-cike Nature Park Distribution: India, Southeast Asia, northern Australia and the Pacific Islands. Ecological Information: the species are around rotting trees with thick topsoil, and also around rotting wood. Humus is thick and moist, and between leaf litter. Commonly, the plant grows on grasslands or at forest edges. However, this type of orchids is found in Sibolangit Tourist Park. Its body is reddish brown with a height of 64 cm. It has pseudobulbo embedded in the ground. Its stem is upright round. Its flowers are compound amounted to 15 -20 yet possess no leaves. The flowers are reddish brown. The stem's length is 2.5 until 4.5 cm. Its sepal lanset is 1.6 cm long. Its petal can elongate until 1.5 cm. Its lips have lobe 3. Location: Sibolangit Tourist Park Distribution: India, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and northern Australia. Ecology : Under the canopy on the observation track, at cliff edges and with forest canopy cover at a height of 513 masl.
The species' rhizomes are red on the ground or crawl close to weathered trees. The stem is woody with a height up to 2 meters. They are coated by brown tricoma. They are branched near flowering. Their flowers are yellow with a length of 2.5 cm yet the bloom is not perfect. The sepal is egg round, but widened at the base of the flower. The fruits are brown capsule-shaped and coated by tricoma.
When the fruits are about to break, the seeds will be swept away by the wind. Location found: Sicike-cike Nature Park Distribution: India and Sumatra. In North Sumatra, the species have been reported in Merek, Karo, and Sibira.
Ecological Information: they live on the trees that have decomposed on open land, also on trees that have decomposed into a growing place. The saprophytes are symbiotic with fungi. If you would like to see them, you may visit the forests that have been cut down at an altitude of 1,400 -1,600 masl in the area of Dairi Regency.

Gastrodia verrucosa BI. Synonym: Gastrodia holttumii Carr
The species are Herbaceus plants with a height of 6-17 cm. The stem is round and black but sometimes lighter with brown color. They always have gray spots and a smooth surface. They are 1.6 -3.1 mm in diameter and segmented. They possess a hook-shaped handle. Their flowers are usually amount to 1-3 and are blackish brown. They also have prominent gray spots sometimes are appearing white. The flowers are not perfect in bloom with a triangle shape. The stems' length is 9-12 mm, and the color is brown at the base and black towards the base of the flower. The length of the flower is 12.2 -14.9 mm with diameter 8.3 -11.7 mm. The sepal is orange and can be seen inside the flower.
Distribution: In North Sumatra only found in the Sicike-cike Nature Park. Location found: Sicike-cike Nature Park Ecological Information: they live between tree roots, thick topsoil with litter heaps. They were found at an altitude of 1,300 -1,400 masl. The species are tucked between the roots of the sampinur strap tree (Dacrydium elatum) and meang (Palaquaium gutta). This typical orchid known as the ghost orchid is symbiotic with mycorhiza embedded in the leaf litter that has started to rot. They grow on land with high humidity more than 80%, thick topsoil with a pH of 6.2. they are solitary and some are in groups.
The plant is a fungus parasite on trees that are already dead and buried in the soil. It is dicotyledonous and herbaceous, and grows in groups on rotting sandy soil. The stem's height is 10.2 -12.1 cm with a diameter of 1.1 -1.3 mm, round, red and embedded in white soil. Its handle is very small and red, and not segmented. The flowers are compound and white. The length of the flower is 1.6 -1.9 mm. The number of its flowers is 25 to 44 in each branch. Its taproots are white.

Conclusion
Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that 9 species of mycoheterotrophic plants (4 families, 8 genus) in Sumatra are found. They are Burmanniaceae family with Burmannia lutescens species, and Orchidaceae family with Epipogium roseum and Gastrodia siamensis species. These three species are new records of mycoheterothropic plants in Bukit Barisan Forest Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia. As for the family Burmanniaceae, there are three species are discovered: Burmannia championii, Burmannia lutescens, Gymnosiphon aphyllus. On the other hand, as for the Orchidaceae, there are 4 species are discovered; namely, Didymoplexis pallens, Eulophia zollingeri, Galeola lindleyana, and Gastrodia verrucosa whereas for the Poligalaceae and Tiuridaceae family, simply one type is found: Epirixanthes elongata and Sciaphila Secundiflora, respectively.