Information Journal Journal Title is JBIO (Jurnal biosains) : the journal of biosciences. This journal is set as journal national accredited with a grade on level SINTA 4 by the Ministry Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency (RISTEKBRIN) Indonesia. The journal is published in both print and online versions 3 times per year (March, August and December). The online version is free access. JBIO (Jurnal biosains) : the journal of biosciences. (pISSN 2443-1230 e-ISSN 2460-6804) is an open-access journal, peer-reveiwed managed by Biology Department and published by Universitas Negeri Medan. DOI Prefix 10.24114. JBIO (Jurnal biosains) : the journal of biosciences. well indexed scientific journal seeks to promote and disseminate the knowledge of biological sciences by publishing outstanding research in the field. Review process double blind review. It publishes original research, applied, and review articles in botany, zoology, cell biology, ecology, microbiology, genetics, immunology, biosytematic, developmental biology, biochemistry, molecular biology. Submit your best paper to JBIO via online submission system.
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The Diversity Of Macrozoobenthos On The Coastal Areas Of Batu Bara Regency
Research of the diversity macrozoobenthos in Batu Bara Regency is crucial to identify the current condition of coastal ecosystems. This information can provide an overview of water quality, resource sustainability status, and serve as a basis for better planning and management of coastal areas. This research is also expected to serve as a reference for developing strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of human activities on coastal ecosystems, ensuring the balance of ecosystems and the preservation of biodiversity. This research will be analyze diversity and abundance (ind/ha) of macrozoobenthos, ecological index data and physical environmental factors and substrate characteristics. The diversity of macrozoobenthos at Sujono Beach, Sejarah Beach, and Kresek Beach consists of three phyla, six classes, and 28 species. The abundance of macrozoobenthos at Sujono Beach is 2459 ind/m3, at Sejarah Beach is 1525 ind/m3, and at Kresek Beach is 1218 ind/m3. The species richness index, diversity index, and evenness index of macrozoobenthos at all three beaches fall into the moderate category, while in the dominance index, none of the beaches have dominating species. The substrate characteristics at Sujono Beach have a sandy clay texture, while at Sejarah Beach and Kresek Beach, they have a dusty clay texture.
Macrozoobenthos, Diversity, coastal areas, Ecological index
Copyright (c) 2026 biologi unimed; Chairunas Adha Putra, Mustaqim Mustaqim, Rini Hafzari, Rizal Mukra, Friends Silaban, Muammar Muammar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Total Plate Count (Tpc) Test And Contamination Of Coliform Escherichia Coli And Salmonella Sp. Bacteria In Cucumulawak Jamu In Traditional Markets In Medan City
Jamu is a traditional Indonesian drink derived from plants that are efficacious for use in efforts to maintain health and cure diseases. However, because the manufacturing process is still simple, jamu is at high risk of contamination by microorganisms such as fungi and pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. This study aims to determine the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Coliform contamination in Javanese turmeric herbal medicine sold in traditional markets. This study is based on the simple process of making jamu using hands, unclean clothes from jamu makers, and unclean processing areas, this will increase the risk of contamination and result in jamu being contaminated by microorganisms that can endanger consumer health. Data collection techniques use testing and counting of bacterial colonies with the TPC (Total Plate Count) method and Escherichia coli bacteria with the MPN (Most Probable Number) method which consists of Presumptive Test, Confirmatory Test and Complementary Test. The results of the analysis showed that in the TPC (Total Plate Count) test, three of the five samples, namely Sp 1, Sp 3 and Sp 4, showed results that were suitable for consumption because the TPC (Total Plate Count) value did not exceed the maximum limit of BPOM 2019 and two of the five samples, namely Sp 2 and Sp 5, showed results that were not suitable for consumption because they exceeded the maximum limit of BPOM 2019.
Coliform Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Jamu Temulawak.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tarisa Adma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of Melaleuca leucadendron L. from South Sumatra: Phytochemicals and IC50-Based Antioxidant Potential
Melaleuca leucadendron L. (commonly known as Gelam wood) is a plant that thrives in the swampy regions of South Sumatra. The utilization of this plant has historically been limited to its wood, leaving the potential of its leaves and seeds largely unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the species of Gelam wood and investigate the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of its leaves and seeds.The methodology involved methanol extraction of the plant material, followed by comprehensive phytochemical screening and an antioxidant activity assay using the DPPH method.The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of several key compounds, with the Gelam extracts testing positive for Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Saponins, Tannins, and Triterpenoids. Furthermore, the extract from the leaves and seeds demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, evidenced by an IC50​ value of 47.56 ppm, which classifies it as a strong antioxidant (<50 ppm).This research highlights the significant therapeutic potential of Melaleuca leucadendron leaves and seeds, suggesting they are valuable sources of natural antioxidants
Keywords : Melaleuca leucadendron L, Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Rima Ernia, Rina SE Sitindaon, Nyoman Yudi Antara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efectiveness Of Carica papaya Seeds Ethanol Extract With Metronidazole Against Porphyromonas gingivalis In Antibacterial And Antibiofilm Activity
Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes the growth of periodontal biofilm. Metronidazole is one of the adjunctive therapies for periodontitis. The combination of metronidazole with natural products such as Carica papaya seeds ethanolic extract, which has proven to have antibacterial effects is expected to reduce the side effects caused by metronidazole. Objective: To determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of C. papaya seeds ethanolic extract combined with metronidazole against P. gingivalis. Methods: In vitro laboratory experiment using post-test only control group design. The sample used were 100% C. papaya seeds ethanolic extract, combination of 1000 µg/mL metronidazole with extract 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%, 1000 µg/mL and 2000 µg/mL metronidazole as positive control, and distilled water as negative control. Antibacterial test was performed using plate count method and antibiofilm using microtiter plate biofilm assay method. Results: Carica papaya seeds ethanolic extract alone showed effective antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against P. gingivalis. The combination of 1000 µg/mL metronidazole with extract 6.25% to 100% showed an antibacterial effect equivalent to 2000 µg/mL metronidazole. The combination of 1000 µg/mL metronidazole with 100% extract showed antibiofilm effects in 1, 3, and 24 hours time incubation. The combination of extract and 1000 µg/mL metronidazole demonstrated the best antibiofilm effect during the biofilm maturation phase. Conclusion: The combination of 1000 µg/mL metronidazole with ethanol extract of C. papaya seeds exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against P. gingivalis.
antibacterial, antibiofilm, Carica papaya seeds extract, metronidazole, Porphyromonas gingivalis
Copyright (c) 2025 Vanessa Angela Thebez, Sheila Soesanto, Priska Natassya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antioxidant Activity Test of Extract And Fractions of Red Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Peel and Fruit
Red guava (Psidium guajava L.) contains natural antioxidants that help neutralize free radicals originating from radiation, pollution, and harmful chemicals. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites and determine the IC₅₀ values of ethanol extract and various fractions of red guava peel and fruit. Four solvents were used ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction, and water fraction. Each sample was tested at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm. Vitamin C, at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm, served as a positive control. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 516 nm and an incubation time of 30 minutes. Phytochemical screening showed that all extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The IC₅₀ values obtained were: ethanol extract peel 62,4719 ppm, ethanol extract fruit 44,0035 ppm, ethyl acetate fraction peel 56,7955 ppm, ethyl acetate fraction fruit 46,4394 ppm, n-hexane fraction peel 113,9311 ppm, n-hexane fraction fruit 114,4767 ppm, water fraction peel 104,0284 ppm, and water fraction fruit 76,5801 ppm.
antioxidant, DPPH, IC₅₀, red guava, vitamin C
Copyright (c) 2025 Monica, Vivin Marwiyati Rohmana, Kharisma Jayak Pratama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation of Java Acid Leaves (Tamarindus indica L.) Etanol Extract Salep Devices With Absorption, Hydrocarbon, Water Solution and Water Washable Basis (O/W Emulsion)
Tamarind leaves have flavonoid, tannin and saponin compounds, which can be used as antibacterials. Research has been conducted on the formulation of ointment preparations from tamarind leaf ethanol extract (Tamarindus indica L.) using a variety of ointment bases, namely absorption, hydrocarbon, water soluble and washable with water (O/W emulsions). This study aims to determine the physical stability and the appropriate type of ointment base of tamarind leaf ethanol extract ointment preparation. The extraction process in this study used maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. The formalized preparation was evaluated for physical stability for 10 days at 4°C and 25°C alternately every 24 hours (1 cycle). The evaluation included organoleptic test, pH, homogeneity and spreadability. Absorption ointment made from ethanol extract of tamarind leaves is light brown in color, smells typical of tamarind, homogeneous, has a pH of 4 and has a spreadability of 5 cm. Hydrocarbon ointment is dark brown in color, smells typical of tamarind, homogeneous, has a pH of 3 and has a spreadability of 3.95 cm. Water soluble ointment with ethanol extract of tamarind leaves is dark brown in color, smells typical of tamarind, homogeneous, has a pH of 3 and has a spreadability of 5.3-5.5 cm. Water washable ointment (O/W emulsion) is light brown in color, smells typical of tamarind, homogeneous, has a pH of 4, and has a spreadability of 3.93 cm. Based on the test results in this study, it can be concluded that the formulation of ethanol leaf extract preparation.
Antibacterial, Ethanol Extract, Methanol Extract, Psidium guava, Staphylococcus aureus
Copyright (c) 2025 Rina Kurniaty, Dara Sukma Ratmelya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect Of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Application On The Growth Of Biograss (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Biograss)
One of the superior varieties developed by the Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development Center (BBPSI Biogen) is the Biograss Agrinak elephant grass. This grass was released as a superior forage crop variety in 2021 and has an impressive yield potential of 319 tons/hectare/year. This study aims to analyze the effect of liquid organic fertilizer application on the growth and productivity of Biograss elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. biograss) as livestock feed. The research method used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a non-factorial arrangement consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replications. The parameters observed in this study included leaf width, leaf length, plant height, and fresh yield of odot grass. The results showed that treatment P3 resulted in the highest increases in leaf width (3.44 cm), leaf length (62.10 cm), plant height (90.19 cm), and fresh yield of odot grass (687.5 grams), with significant differences compared to other treatments. Application of liquid organic fertilizer at a dose of 15 ml per 1 liter of water gave the best results and has the potential to be applied on a larger scale.
Liquid Organic Fertilizer, Growth, Productivity, Biograss elephant
Copyright (c) 2025 farhan Muhammad, Media Agus Kurniawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identifying Sibutramine in Slimming Herbs Sold Online
Obesity is defined as the presence of abnormal amounts of body fat and is a risk factor for diabetes and can increase the risk of hernias, varices and arthroses in the knees and feet. Consumption of slimming herbs is widely used to reduce this obesity. Slimming herbal products in their ingredients or compositions contain simplisia derived from medicinal plants and have pharmacological effects. According to the Minister of Health Regulation No. 007 of 2012 concerning the registration of traditional medicines, herbs circulating in the community must meet various requirements, one of which is that they must not contain drug chemicals, narcotics or psychotropic substances and other materials that based on health considerations and research can endanger health. Sibutramine is a weight loss drug that is often used, belongs to the class of hard drugs and can only be used based on a doctor's prescription because it can increase blood pressure. The identification of sibutramine in this study was carried out qualitatively using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method, to determine the presence or absence of the addition of drug chemicals in slimming herbs sold online. The mobile phase used was methanol (p): chloroform (p) (4:1) solvent with silica GF 254 stationary phase. The results of the study showed that two of the five slimming herbs sold online contained sibutramine with the Rf value of herbal medicine A = 0.86 and herbal medicine B = 0.91.
Antibacterial, Methanol Extract, Nutmeg Seed, Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli
Copyright (c) 2025 Rina Kurniaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison Cytological Staining Results of Pleural Effusion with Delayed Time Without Alcohol Fixative and With Alcohol Fixative
The delay in the examination of pleural effusion fluid may lead to damage to the specimens. To minimize this damage, the addition of fixative solutions is often employed, one of which is 50% alcohol. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of using 50% alcohol in fixing smears of pleural effusion fluid that are delayed in examination, as well as to assess the morphological quality of cells in effusion smears stored with and without fixative solutions. The research method is experimental, utilizing a pretest-posttest design. Sampling was conducted using accidental sampling, with specimens categorized into four treatment groups (immediate examination, immediate examination with 50% alcohol fixative, delayed examination without fixative, and delayed examination with 50% alcohol fixative). Smears were stained using the Diff-Quik method. The assessment results were analyzed descriptively and with a paired T-test. In the comparison between immediate without and delayed without, the T-test results showed a significant difference (p = 0.002, <0.05). Conversely, in the comparison between immediate and delayed with fixative, no significant difference was found (p = 0.707, >0.05). The comparison between immediate without and immediate with fixative showed a significant change (p = 0.005, <0.05), while the comparison between delayed without fixative and delayed with fixative was not significant (p = 0.775, >0.05). The alternative hypothesis was rejected based on the paired T-test, as no significant difference was found in the delayed samples compared to the samples that were delayed with the addition of 50% alcohol fixative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fransiska Anggraini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization and Evaluation of Noni Leaf Skin Softening Lotion Preparation (Morinda Citrifolia L.)
The premature aging process is usually characterized by visible wrinkles or wrinkles on the face, dry and rough skin, age spots and decreased skin elasticity. Noni leaves (Morinda citrifolia L.) are one type of herbal plant that can potentially act as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to see Optimizing the Formulation of Lotion Preparations and Evaluating the Physical Properties of Lotion Preparations. Noni leaves were macerated with 96% ethanol solvent and then rotary with an evaporator. Hand and body lotion preparations were made by adding ethanol extract of noni leaves with several concentrations of 2.5% (F1), 5% (F2), and 7.5% (F3) to the base of hand and body lotion. As a blank (F0) the base of hand and body lotion without ethanol extract of noni leaves. Testing on the preparation was an evaluation of stability for 4 weeks at room temperature (odor, color, pH, emulsion type, homogeneity), irritation test and anti- aging skin activity test using a skin analyzer on hand skin. The parameters measured included water content, pore size, number of blemishes and number of wrinkles. Treatment was carried out using hand and body lotion every day for 4 weeks. Ethanol extract concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% were homogeneous preparations with an oil-in-water emulsion type, pH 6.3-6.8, stable in storage for 4 weeks, and did not irritate the skin. Anti- aging skin hand and body lotion preparations containing ethanol extract of noni leaves can increase water content, reduce pore size, reduce the number of blemishes, reduce the number of wrinkles on the skin of the back of the hand and are stable in storage for 4 weeks. Hand and body lotion preparations with ethanol extract at a concentration of 7.5% had better skin antiaging activity compared to concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and blank.
Copyright (c) 2025 bunga rimta barus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Aloe Vera Extract as A Natural Ingredient in Reducing Hair Loss
Hair loss is a common condition affecting many individuals, particularly teenagers and women who wear the hijab. Aloe vera contains various bioactive compounds, including vitamins, proteolytic enzymes, and amino acids, which are known to nourish the scalp and stimulate hair growth. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Aloe vera extract in different types of hair care formulations, such as shampoos, hair tonics, serums, and pomades, for treating hair loss. A qualitative descriptive literature review was conducted by analyzing 30 relevant national and international scientific articles published between 2016 and 2025. The findings indicate that Aloe vera has the potential to reduce hair loss, promote hair growth, and support scalp health. Furthermore, the combination of Aloe vera with other herbal ingredients, such as candlenut, celery, and lime, may enhance its efficacy. Products based on Aloe vera are also reported to have good physical stability, be safe for use, and be compatible with various scalp types. The study concludes that Aloe vera is a promising natural ingredient for the development of safe, effective, and sustainable herbal hair care products.
Ethnobotany, Ethnozoology, Traditional Medicine, Mandailing Ethnic, ICS
Copyright (c) 2025 khandika cece nurmagrianty, Eny Widhia Agustin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity Test of Breadfulness Leaf Extract Plaster Preparation ( Artocarpus altilis ) In Vitro and In Vivo In The Treatment of Mice Cut Wounds
The skin is the largest organ in the human body. One of the problems that often occurs in the skin is wounds. Wounds are damage or loss of tissue in the body caused by a factor, one type of wound is a cut wound. Cuts occur due to friction with objects causing linear tears in the skin and underlying tissue. Cuts can cause infections due to bacteria. Breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis) contain flavonoid compounds that can regenerate the skin by increasing collagen in the skin and have bactericidal properties. This study aims to determine the optimal concentration in the activity of breadfruit leaf extract formulated in the form of plasters against in vitro and in vivo tests in the treatment of cut wounds in mice. This study used the maceration method in making the extract using 96% ethanol solvent. Breadfruit leaf extract was formulated into a plaster preparation with various concentrations F1: EEDS 10%, F2: EEDS 15%, F3: EEDS 20%, and F4: EEDS 25%. The plaster preparation was evaluated to determine the physical properties and compounds of the wound dressing material by conducting thickness tests, humidity tests, pH tests, organoleptic tests, FTIR tests, activity tests of the preparation against in vitro tests and in vivo tests. The results showed that the concentration of EEDS 25% with a value of 24.35 against the in vitro test using Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a Hansaplast plaster comparator with a value of 16.35. In the in vitro test in the treatment of mouse cuts, it was stated that the concentration of EEDS 25% with a healing day of 10.6 days was close to the healing day of the Hansaplast plaster comparator with a healing day of 9.3 days.
Copyright (c) 2025 Delisma Marsauli Simorangkir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity Of Ethanol Extract And Methanol Extract Of Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.) Againts Staphylococcus aureus
Guava leaves contain secondary metabolites, consisting of tannins, polyphenolates, flavonoids, monoterpenoids, alcolloids, quinones, and saponins. The main component of guava leaves is tannins, the amount of which reaches 9-12%. Tannins are antibacterial by precipitating proteins. The antimicrobial effect of tannins is through reactions with cell membranes, inactivation of the function of genetic material. alkaloids, flavonoids can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This research aims to find out the activities antibacterial ethanol and methanol extract of guava leaves against Staphylococcus aureus. This study uses the disc diffusion method. Using 5 treatment groups, namely positive control using chlorampenicol antibiotics and for positive control using DMSO. For concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% use ethanol extract and methanol guava leaves. This study is an experimental study, testing antibacterial activity using Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The data obtained was analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test and continued with the DMRT/Ducan test to see the difference in each treatment. The average results of the diameter of the inhibition zone for ethanol extracts were 10.47 mm (5%), 11.95 mm (10%), 16.94 mm (15%). For methanol extracts it is 9.7 mm (5%), 12.1 mm (10%), 19.7 mm (15%). One Way ANOVA analysis followed by DMRT/Ducan showed that both shallot extracts have antibacterial potential and do not have significant differences. The conclusion of this study is that guava leaf ethanol and methanol extracts with concentrations of 5%,10% and 15% have potential as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rinakurniaty Rina, Resmila Dewi , Muhilal Yusup https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activity Of Nutmeg Seed (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Methanol Extract Against The Growth Of Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia coli
Nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragran Houtt.) are natural materials containing active compounds with potential antibacterial properties. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of nutmeg seed methanol extract and the effective concentration for inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli, as well as to compare the inhibition zones produced against both bacteria. The nutmeg seed extract was obtained through maceration extraction using 96% methanol solvent. The antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method with three different concentrations of the extract: 20%, 30%, and 40%, along with chloramphenicol (positive control) and 10% DMSO (negative control). The inhibition zone data were analyzed using ANOVA with SPSS 26, followed by the DMRT test. Phytochemical testing revealed that the methanol extract of nutmeg seeds positively contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, quinones, and triterpenoids. The results showed that the methanol extract of nutmeg seeds at concentrations of 20%, 30%, and 40% produced inhibition zones against S. aureus of 11.83 mm, 12.56 mm, and 15.06 mm, respectively, and against E. coli, the inhibition zones measured 11.83 mm, 12.56 mm, and 15.06 mm. The study concludes that the methanol extract of nutmeg seeds exhibits strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, with the most effective concentration being 40%. Additionally, the nutmeg seed methanol extract tended to have better antibacterial properties against E. coli than against S. aureus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Resmila Dewi, Rina Kurniaty, Erda Marniza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Temperature Effects on Jembrana Superficial Unit (JSU) Recombinant Protein Expression in Escherichia coli BL21
The efficiency of expression of recombinant proteins in host cells depends on achieving proper protein folding, solubility, and biological activity. Critical environmental factors, including temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and inducer concentration, significantly influence protein yield, stability, and functionality. Optimizing these conditions is essential to minimize protein misfolding and aggregation, which can adversely affect expression efficiency and reduce bioactivity. This study aims to measure the effect of temperature on the growth of Escherichia coli BL21 harboring the recombinant JSU protein, derived from the ENV-SU gene of the Jembrana virus. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted in which bacterial cultures were incubated at 25°C and 37°C under identical conditions, except for temperature. The results indicate a statistically significant difference in bacterial growth between the two temperature conditions (p = 0.08), suggesting that E. coli BL21 exhibits enhanced growth at 37°C compared to 25°C. The mean bacterial growth rate at 37°C was 1.756, whereas at 25°C, the average growth was 1.425, demonstrating that higher temperatures facilitate bacterial proliferation. However, due to the relatively small sample size, further validation with a larger dataset is required to confirm these findings. These findings highlight the critical role of temperature optimization in enhancing bacterial growth and improving recombinant protein production efficiency, emphasizing the need for further investigation with a larger dataset to validate the results. Keywords: recombinant protein; temperature; IPTG; Escherichia coli BL21; JSU construct.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imelda Maelani, Indriawati Indriawati, Yulia Sari Ismail, Riska Mulyani, Widya Syahfitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Secondary Metabolites of Kirinyuh Leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) as Antibacterial Using GS-MS
This study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against pathogenic bacteria and to determine secondary metabolites in kirinyuh leaves (Chromolaena odorata) using the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) method. The test bacteria used were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extraction method was carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. The crude ethanol extract of kirinyuh leaves in this study used concentrations of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%. Using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer, the most effective concentration in inhibiting and killing the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria was a concentration of 70%, with an average OD (absorbance) value of -0.2029, -0.055, and -0.0523. Then secondary metabolite identification was carried out using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) ethanol-water (9:1). The test results showed that a concentration of 70% was the most effective in inhibiting and killing Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The content of secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of kirinyuh leaves contains 33 secondary metabolite compounds, 6 of which are dominant compounds as antibacterials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Martha grasella, Endang Sulistyarini Gultom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF GIVING FERMENTED SAGO DRAIN IN THE RATION ON THE QUALITY OF PEKING DUCK CARCASSES
Ducks are one of the sources of high-quality animal protein, receiving attention in meeting human consumption needs. However, the cultivation of Peking ducks, which have great potential as meat producers, is still carried out extensively and has not been optimal in Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the effect of fermented sago pulp in rations on the quality of carcasses and abdominal fat of Peking ducks. The research method involved the provision of fermented sago pulp in Peking duck rations, with a focus on evaluating the quality of carcasses and abdominal fat. Peking ducks. This study used an experimental method while the design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications so that there were 12 experimental units. The results showed that the provision of fermented sago pulp in rations showed a significant impact on live weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, and abdominal fat of Peking ducks. Based on ANOVA analysis and DMRT test, the provision of fermented sago pulp increased all of these parameters at a significance level of P <0.01. Treatment D with 100% fermented sago dregs produced the highest live weight of 1.29 kg and the highest carcass weight of 576.11 gr, significantly different from other treatments.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wenny Novita Sari, Hayadi Haryadi, Mustafa Kamal, Mustaqim Mustaqim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ECO-ENZYME DERIVED FROM DURIAN ALBEDO AS A SOLUTION FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT
North Sumatra is the largest durian-producing province in Indonesia. As a result, durian skin waste has increased, reaching 332,712 tons annually. Durian skin is divided into the outer layer, known as the flavedo and the inner layer called the albedo. Durian skin contains chemical compounds such as lignin and tannins, which hinder its efficient decomposition. Therefore, environmentally friendly solutions for processing durian skin waste are needed. One such solution is the production of eco-enzyme. Eco-enzyme is a complex solution produced by fermenting organic waste with molasses and water, using selective microorganisms. It has various applications, such as household cleaners, organic fertilizers, and pest control. The purpose of this study was to identify the physicochemical characteristics and quality of the eco-enzyme produced, as well as its potential to reduce environmental pollution. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with an experimental approach. The process involved coarsely chopping durian albedo and mixing it with molasses and water in a 1:3:10 ratio (sugar, albedo, and water). The mixture was fermented for three months, sealed tightly in a container, and periodically opened. The resulting liquid was the eco-enzyme. Physicochemical tests were conducted to evaluate pH, aroma, color, total dissolved solids (TDS) and other properties, including Wagner's Reagent test, Alkaline Reagent test, Foam test, and Quinone test. The results showed that durian albedo is highly suitable for producing eco-enzyme, yielding a product with a pH of 2.4, a TDS value of 855, a blackish-brown color, a fruity fermentation aroma, and containing phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and quinones.
Copyright (c) 2025 Doli Fadly Harahap, Gabriella Marry Ayu, Syarifah Riska Mela Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GC-MS ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF SENGGANI LEAVES (Melastoma malabatrichum L.)
Traditional medicinal plants have long been used and trusted by the community to treat various diseases. The senggani plant is useful for reducing fever (antispiretic), pain reliever (analgesic), urine laxative (diuretic), treating vaginal discharge (leukorrhea), and as a medicine for various types of wounds. This research was conducted using extracts of Melastoma malabatricum (L.) leaves extracted using methanol as a solvent. GC-MS analysis of secondary metabolites of senggani leaves (Melastoma malabatrichum L.) was carried out as a first step to determine the content of active secondary metabolite compounds contained in senggani leaves.The results of this study show that 8 peaks were observed during maximum run time of 40 min. The results revealed that, compounds such as 3-Hexadecyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylimidazolium, Melezitose, Thiosulfuric acid, Neophytadiene, 9-Icosyne, Phytol, Hexadecanoic acid dan 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) were present in the methanolic extract of Melastoma malabatrichum (L.) which can mostly contribute to several therapeutic activities such as antimicrobial.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Yusuf Nasution, Marlinda Nilan Sari Rangkuti, Nurbaity Situmorang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Secondary Metbaolite Content of Ethanol Extract of Biden Pilosa L. Leaves which has the Potential as an Antibacterial
The potential of plants as an alternative medicine is a great gift. This potential can be explored through various preliminary tests. One of the preliminary tests is to analyze the content of secondary metabolite compounds using GC-MS. One of the plants known to have potential is Biden Pilosa L. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that there were 9 compounds identified as having antimicrobial properties. This was discovered after analyzing the compound content and continuing with a literature review. The conclusion obtained was that there were 9 compounds in the ethanol extract of Biden Pilosa L leaves that functioned as antimicrobials.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmad Shafwan S. Shafwan S. Pulungan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TESTING THE ACTIVITY OF KETUL LEAF (Bidens pilosa L.) ETHANOL EXTRACT IN INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF Escherihia coli BACTERIA
Daun ketul (Bidens pilosa L.) memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat dalam mengobati penyakit diare. Daun ketul memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder antara lain terpenoid, alkaloid, flavonoid, dan fenool yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun ketul (B. pilosa L.) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode difusi cakram yang terdiri dari 5 variasi konsentrasi yaitu 30%, 40%,50%,60%,70%, dengan 4 kali pengulangan. Data hasil zona hambat dianalisis dengan uji statistik One Way Anova. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak daun ketul (Bidens pilosa L.) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli. Semakin luas zona bening yang terbentuk maka semakin kuat senyawa aktif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Berdasarkan hasil uji lanjutan Duncan diperoleh bahwa tidak ada perbedaan secara nyata dari setiap perlakuan konsentrasi dalam menghambat bakteri Escherichia coli.
Copyright (c) 2024 Melia Ivana Munthe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of grey mangrove leaf extract (Avicennia marina) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus
The emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in recent decades complicates the antibiotic therapy. The grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) has flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin, phenolic, tannin, and alkaloid chemical compounds that have antimicrobial activity, thus potentially inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to examine the effects of the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf extracts on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This research uses laboratory experimental design with disc diffusion method to test the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria growth in Mueller-Hinton medium. There were 6 treatment groups, namely negative control of 0.2% DMSO, positive control of amoxicillin 30 µg, Avicennia marina leaf extract at concentration of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results of this research showed that Avicennia marina leaf extract produces inhibition zone of 7.06 mm, 8.51 mm, 10.07 mm, 13.29 mm at concentration of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Meanwhile, positive control produces inhibiton zone of 23.65 mm, and negative control has no inhibition zone. The statistical tests using one-way ANOVA resulted in a significance value of less than 0.05 (p<α). The conclusion of this study showed that the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf extract at 100% concentration is the most effective treatment group in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, although the inhibition was not much better when compared to the inhibition of the positive control group.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bima Priambodo, Retno Budiarti, Rahadianto Rahadianto, Eva Nefertiti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACT USING ANTIMICROBIAL DISC AND FILTER PAPER AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus : CLEAR ZONE RESULTS COMPARISON
Ekstrak tumbuhan mengandung metabolit sekunder berupa flavonoid dan senyawa fenolik yang memiliki aktivitas antibiotik. Uji aktivitas antibiotik dapat dilakukan dengan metode cakram Kirby-Bauer yang aktivitas antibiotiknya ditunjukkan dengan terbentuknya zona bening. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun Moringa oleifera dan kladode Opuntia cochenillifera yang diekstrak menggunakan etil asetat sebagai pelarut. Uji aktivitas antibiotik terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dilakukan pada media Mannitol Salt Agar dan Luria Bertani Agar. Cakram Kirby-Bauer yang digunakan adalah Antimicrobial Disc Oxoid® dan Filter Paper. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Antimicrobial disc Oxoid® dan Filter Paper tidak menunjukkan perbedaan secara statistik pada hasil zona bening (t-value = 0,45; p-value = 0,655; dengan α = 95%). Sementara itu, hasil Clear Zone pada Mannitol Salt Agar memberikan hasil yang lebih baik daripada Luria Bertani Agar dan signifikan secara statistik (nilai-t = 2,46; nilai-p = 0,02; dengan α = 95%). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kertas saring dapat menjadi alternatif yang murah untuk uji antibiotik dengan hasil yang tidak berbeda secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan cakram antibiotik komersial. Namun, uji antibiotik terhadap Staphylococcus aureus lebih baik dilakukan pada Mannitol Salt Agar dibandingkan dengan Luria Bertani Agar.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Taufiq Hidayat, Maharani Pertiwi Koentjoro, Maharani Pertiwi Koentjoro, Endry Nugroho Prasetyo, Endry Nugroho Prasetyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Screening And Identification of Terpenoids Compounds at Ethanolic Extract Pegagan Leaves (Centella asiatica L. Urban)
Terpenoids are one of the secondary metabolite compounds that have an important role in medicine because they have many benefits in healing various diseases. Terpenoids are also believed to be contained in gotu kola leaves. This research was conducted to find out what are the active compounds contained in gotu kola leaves. This research begins with extracting 400 grams of gotu kola leaf powder with 96% ethanol solvent using the maceration method. The results of maceration were then evaporated using a waterbath until a thick extract was obtained. Identification of active compounds contained in gotu kola leaves was carried out by phytochemical screening test and KLT test on thick extract. In the phytochemical screening test, it is known that the ethanol extract of gotu kola leaves positively contains terpenoids, steroids and saponins. Then the identification of compounds using the KLT method with ethanol:ethyl acetate eluent in a ratio of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4, then sprayed with reagent liquid and observed under a UV lamp with a wavelength of 254 nm. In the ratio of 9:1, the resulting Rf value is 0.64. Then in the ratio of 8:2 and 7:3, the resulting Rf values were 0.67 and 0.69. And in the ratio of 6:4, the resulting Rf value is 0.75. Based on the Rf value obtained, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of gotu kola leaves can certainly contain terpenoid derivative compounds, namely triterpenoids which have a standard Rf value of 0,50-0,89
Copyright (c) 2024 Weni Astari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST OF SPRUCE ROOT ETHANOL EXTRACT
Spruce root (Casuarinaceae) is known to be useful empirically used as a medicine for hemorrhoids. To determine Phytochemical activity of pine roots, it is necessary to conduct research on œPhytochemical activity of pine roots. The experimental research with posttest only design. Research site was in the Microbiology and Pharmacognosy Laboratory of the Pharmacy Study Program and the Biology Laboratory of Bangka Belitung University. Research object of Sea spruce roots (Casuarinaceae equisetifolia) were taken in Bangka Botanical Garden in fresh. It then was made into extracts. Research procedures were Plant determination and identification (2) Preparation (3) Standardization of extracts (Casuarinaceae) (4) Phytochemical test. (5) TLC. The results are Phytochemical test showed that the results of the content contained in the spruce root are Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Triterpenoid, Anthraquinone and Tannin.
Copyright (c) 2024 Eva Dewi Rosmawati Purba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF KEPOK BANANA PEEL EXTRACT (Musa acuminate balbisiana Colla) AND BAP ON THE GROWTH OF RED POTATO PLANLETS (Solanum tuberosum L.) IN VITRO
This research aims to determine the effect of from kepok banana peel extract (Musa acuminata balbisiana Colla) and BAP and their interaction on the growth of red potato plantlets (Solanum tuberosum L.) in vitro. This research was conducted in September-October 2023 at the G10 Agrotech Medan Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory Jl. Sei Bahorok No. 47 F Medan Baru. This research used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor is the concentration of Kepok banana peel extract in 3 levels, namely (0, 25 and 50 g/L) and the second factor is BAP which consists of 4 levels, namely (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L). 12 treatment combinations were obtained and each treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 36 experimental units. The research parameters were plantlet height, number of shoots, number of leaves and number of roots analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if they were significantly different, further tests would be carried out using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level. The results showed that the treatment of kepok banana peel extract and BAP had a significant effect on plantlet height, number of shoots, number of leaves and number of roots. The highest average plantlet height was produced by banana peel extract 50gr/L (7.60 cm), BAP 1mg/L (6.70 cm). The highest number of shoots was produced by banana peel extract 50gr/L (6.33 shoots), BAP 1.5 mg/L (6.33 shoots). The highest number of leaves was produced by sweet corn extract 25 gr/L, namely (10.00 leaves), BAP 0.5 mg/L as much as (8.00 leaves). The highest number of roots was produced by the 50gr/L sweet corn extract treatment, namely (12.00 roots), the highest number of roots was produced by BAP 1 mg/L, namely (7.33 roots). The highest average plantlet height, number of shoots and leaves were produced by the A2B1 treatment interaction, namely 7.40 cm plantlet height, 6.33 shoots and 16.33 leaves. The highest number of roots was produced by the A2B2 treatment interaction, namely 8.67 roots. This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-SA license
Copyright (c) 2024 Syahmi Edi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA Salmonella sp. ON BROILER CHICKEN MEAT MARKETED AT SUKARAMAI MARKET, MEDAN CITY
One effort to meet high protein needs is obtained from chicken meat. Chicken meat is a food source that is composed of various nutritional values in balanced proportions. There is still doubt about Boiler Chicken meat being sold for sale because it is suspected that there is contamination with pathogenic microbes that can cause disease in humans. There is a risk that broiler chicken meat will be contaminated due to poor market sanitation. The aim of this research was to determine the bacterial contamination of Salmonella sp. in broiler chicken meat and the number of Salmonella sp bacteria. Which is found in samples of broiler chicken meat marketed at the Sukaramai Market, Medan City. This research method is a quantitative descriptive approach. This research was carried out at the Regional Health Laboratory of North Sumatra Province in May-June 2023. In this study, sample culture was carried out by streaking on Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) media, while the Total Plate Count (TPC) test for Salmonella sp. using pour plate media. The results showed that all 9 samples contained Salmonella sp. with the amount of bacterial contamination, namely A1 3.0 × 10-4, A2 3.9 × 10-4, A3 4.7 × 10-4, B1 4.0 × 10-4, B2 5.3 × 10-4, B3 6.0×10-4, C1 4.5×10-4, C2 6.8×10-4, C3 7.7×10-4. Based on the National Chicken Meat Standardization Agency ICS No. 67-120-20. In 2009, the maximum limit for microbial contamination and the maximum limit for residues in food ingredients of animal origin must not contain Salmonella sp.
Copyright (c) 2023 Marlinda Nilan Sari Rangkuti, Ahmad Shafwan S Pulungan, Friend Silaban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ACTIVITY TEST OF SIAM LABU (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz) LEAF EXTRACT ON REDUCTION OF DARAGE URATE ACID TARGETS OF WHITE RATS (Rattus novergicus)
Uric acid is a substance produced from the breakdown of purines or waste products in the body, as a result of purine catabolism aided by the enzymes cguanase and xanthine oxidase. One of the green plants used as traditional medicine is siam labu (Sechium edule). This plant is a vegetable plant belonging to the Curcubatiacae family that grows in the highlands. The purpose of this study was to test the anti-gout activity of chayote leaves in male rats. The method used in this study started from preparing simplisia, preparing siam labu leaf extract, inducing mice with Ca-oxanate at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW and administering siam labu leaf extract at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW, 500 mg/kgBW. and 750 mg/kgBW was administered orally with intermittent observation periods of 1 hour for 6 hours. Results obtained in rats given 750 mg/kgBW of extract showed the lowest reduction of 3.88 ± 0.3 mg/dl. One-way ANOVA results obtained a significant value p=0.00 (p<0.05), which can be concluded that there are differences in each treatment method in experimental animals. Tukey test results can be seen at 6 hours, it can be concluded that EDLS 750 mg/kg body weight with allopurinol is not significantly different.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sofia Rahmi Tambusai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Pineapple and Lemon Peel Extracts as Antimicrobial Paper Soap
Kesehatan masih menjadi masalah yang memprihatinkan di seluruh dunia. Hal ini juga didukung dengan respon berupa upaya mewujudkan pembangunan skala besar di bidang kesehatan dengan target pencapaiannya pada tahun 2030 yaitu Sustainable Development Goals, menjamin kehidupan yang sehat. Indonesia merupakan negara yang masih mengalami permasalahan lingkungan yang krusial, khususnya sampah. Salah satunya adalah limbah organik kulit buah nanas ( Ananas comosus L.). Penambahan ekstrak lemon ( Citrus limonL.) yang diformulasikan akan memberikan aromaterapi alami dan memberikan efek perasaan tenang. Di sisi lain, pengembangan sabun kertas merupakan inovasi efisiensi dan kemampuan untuk menciptakan kebiasaan mencuci tangan di masyarakat Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pembuatan sabun kertas dengan bahan alami yaitu limbah lemon dan nanas serta mengetahui bioaktivitas kombinasi tersebut sebagai antiseptik sabun kertas. Metode penelitian ini merupakan metode eksperimen dengan menguji aktivitas antimikroba yang dilakukan dengan metode difusi paper disc technique. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sabun kertas yang terbuat dari bahan alami kulit lemon dan nanas dapat direalisasikan dan memiliki efek antiseptik dengan zona hambat total rata-rata terhadap S. aureus.bakteri sebesar 5,7 mm dan terhadap bakteri E. coli sebesar 20 mm sehingga sabun kertas tergolong efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen
Copyright (c) 2023 Fitri Irawati -, Nabila Halim Nasution, Sari Utami -, Nanda Pratiwi - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ZINGIBERACEAE ETNOBOTANY AS A TRADITIONAL TREATMENT INGREDIENT FOR THE MANDAILING TRIBE IN VILLAGES AROUND THE BATANG GADIS NATIONAL PARK AREA, MANDAILING REGENCY NATAL
ABSTRACK This study aims to uncover and document belief systems, local knowledge systems, practice of using plants and culturally important values or ICS of plants of the Zingiberaceae family which are used as ingredients for traditional medicine by the Mandailing Tribe in villages around the Batang Gadis National Park area, Mandailing Natal Regency. The research location is in 2 villages around the Batang Gadis National Park, Mandailing Natal Regency. The research method is qualitative and quantitative. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, documentation, focus group discussions, collection of plant samples and making herbarium. The results showed that there were 10 species of plants from the Zingiberaceae family used as traditional medicine by the Mandailing Tribe. The most widely used species is turmeric or hunik ( Curcuma dometica Val.). Turmeric is believed to cure 8 kinds of diseases. The rhizome organ is the organ that is most widely used with a percentage of 75%. The practice of using plants by the Mandailing Tribe with the most processing method is boiling as many as 10 plant species with a percentage of 35.71% and the most using method by drinking as many as 10 plant species with a percentage of 62.5%. Plants with a very high category of cultural importance or ICS are found in turmeric or hunik ( Curcuma dometica Val.) with an ICS value of 150, ginger or pegeh ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe. ) and red ginger or pegeh narara (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) with an ICS value of 120. Keywords: Traditional Medicine, Belief system, Local knowledge, Utilization practice, ICS
Copyright (c) 2023 Indah Sakinah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0