DEVELOPING ENGLISH READING MATERIALS FOR THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROGRAM AT SMKN 9 MEDAN

Chicy Ramadhayanty, 2161121005. Developing English Reading Materials for The Eleventh Grade Students of Software Engineering Program at SMKN 9 Medan. A Thesis, English Educational Program, Faculty Language and Arts, State University of Medan, 2021. The objective of this study was to develop English reading materials based on the students of Software Engineering needs for the eleventh grade students at SMKN 9 Medan. This study was conducted by using Research and Development design through six stages; gathering data and information, need analysis, designing materials, validating, revising (final product). The subject of the study was grade eleventh of SMKN 9 Medan. The data were gathered by conducting interview to English teacher and distributing questionnaire to XI RPL 3 consists of 24 students to get the students’ need. To collect the data of the research, conducting interview to English teacher and two types of questionnaires were used as the instruments. The developed reading materials were validated by two experts which are the average scores for the analytical exposition material (4.65 and 4.7) and for the explanation text (4.65 and 4.6) show that the reading materials are valid and suitable to use for the eleventh grade students of software engineering program. Based on the results of the expert judgment, the developed materials were considered appropriate, which was very good.


INTRODUCTION
In the world of education in Indonesia, there are two categories, namely the senior high school (SHS) and the vocational high school (VHS). SHS focuses on knowledge expansion and skills improvement of students and prepares students for further higher education while VHS focuses on the development of specific skills that apply to certain specific occupation. Vocational School has different goal from Senior High School. Risangkusmo, W (2015) states the main difference between the vocational high school and the high school in general is the preparation for the students to get particular jobs soon after they graduate.
Generally, SHS does not provide certain majors like vocational school and it does not prepare the students ready to work. Meanwhile, the students in vocational school should learn English based on their specific needs by the students' course.
The fact shows a contrast with the concepts of English for Specific Purpose (ESP). Hutchinson and Waters (1987:53) accentuate that what distinguishes ESP from General English is the awareness for the former towards the students' needs. The learning materials has been developed so as to be the guidance for the English teacher, in order to consider the learning needs. Based on interview, the English teacher stated that the government only provides the similar textbook with the same content every year. The teacher should find other resources to teach them.
Software Engineering is one of departments provided in SMKN 9 Medan.
To support the preliminary data taken by the interview, on observation has also been conducted in the BAHASA INGGRIS book published by Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia 2017. It was found the materials in the book are not related to software engineering major. Ideally, the topics of the materials for learning English should be closely related to software engineering, the students need English materials containing input texts that are related to their study program.
However, the English learning materials for every department at SMKN 9 Medan are not ideal yet. The reading part does not contain relevant input texts and technical terms that are needed by the students in software engineering. Therefore, the teachers at SMKN 9 Medan created their own learning materials by adapting some learning materials from various resources. This is just a temporary solution and they are still waiting for the learning materials intended for the vocational high school. So, from the original or the general book, the teacher should develop materials based on the learning objectives. Based on this problem, there is a need to develop learning materials that is suitable for the students there, especially in reading texts.

A. Theoretical of framework
In supporting the idea of this study, the research presented some books containing information and theories that helped the researcher to design this thesis proposal. Theories are very important because they are used as the basic foundation in conducting the analysis of this research.

Reading Theories a. The Nature of Reading
Reading is important skill for students, because the students must able to read and understand an English text. Reading can be used by the English teacher as a media to teach other language skills such as listening, speaking, and writing and also language elements such as vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.
Reading is fluent process of readers combining information from a text and their own background knowledge to build meaning (Nunan, 2003:68). Reading is not just read the text but the readers must have known the knowledge so that the readers will be able to get the meaning of what the text tells about.
According to Klingner, Vaughn and Boardman (2007) reading is process construsting meaning that can be achieved through dynamic instruction suggested by the text, and the context of the reading situation. It is also supported by Mc.
Entire (2003) who defines reading as a constructive process which the prior knowledge and experience affects the reader's comprehension of the text.
Appropriate comprehension is possible to obtain as the content of the text is close to the reader's prior knowledge, such as a doctor who reads a medical article would find it better in comprehending the text than the farmer.

a. Reading Material for Vocational High School
In our daily life, people read for two basic reasons: for pleasure and for information (Grellet, 1981). In the vocational high school, in this case, it deals with the second reason of doing reading, it is to get information. In line with that, the information for the reading materials should be gathered from sources surrounds the students' environment or sources provided in daily life to support students in achieving basic competency or goals of the subject.
Referring to teaching English in vocational high schools, it is closely related to the approach of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) since the students are prepared to be ready to cope with their specific fields. Therefore, if the criteria above have been fulfilled, reading materials should also provide exposure to the specialized genres and registers of ESP (Richards, 2001) On the contrary, the English course book provided especially for Grade XI

Types of Texts a. Analytical Exposition
Martine and Rose (2003:11) define exposition text is one of persuasive texts and there are two types of exposition text, those are analytical exposition and hortatory exposition. Analytical exposition text is an exposition text that function is to justify position and persuade the reader or listener something in the case. Gerot and Wignell (1994:197) state the purpose of analutical exposition is to persuade the readers that something in the case.

b. Explanation text
Explanations are written to explain how something works or occurs. The process of the events is explained sequentially and with the time related information (Law, 2013, p.17).
"Explanation genre requires students to demonstrate knowledge and understanding, and to answer questions, such as "What is x?", and additionally expect students to explain how something works or function. The explanations themselves are intended to demonstrate current shared knowledge and understanding (Nesi & Gardner, 2012, p.36)." The researcher concludes that explanation text is a text used to explain the process of a phenomenon, events or action. It is also used to share the fact of knowledge and understanding. Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19) state that "ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner's reason for learning". ESP has characteristics in which the teaching and learning concern on how students can meet the specific needs they want to learn (Anthony, 1997:1). This is in line with Graves (2000) who proposes that ESP is illustrated as an umbrella of teaching and learning process for specific purpose. Basturkmen (2006:17) also supports the idea in which ESP is about preparing learners to use English within academic, professional, or workplace environment. In language teaching, ESP is important as Nunan (2004:7) in Basturkmen (2006:17) also declares that ESP is the subcomponet of language teaching, with its own approaches to curriculum development, materials design, pedagogy, testing and research.

b. Need Analysis
To identify what the needs of the ESP learners, Hutchinson & Waters (1987:55) devide two terms called target needs and learning needs. Target needs include neccesities, lacks, and wants, while learning needs cover what the learners need to do. The first analysis should be done is target needs which are described as something will be needed by the learners in the future, especially the use of language (Hutchinson & Waters: 1987). They divide the target needs into three aspects: necessities, lacks, and wants.

Software Engineering
Software Engineering Program in vocational school has a purpose to train and to prepare the students to be a proffesional software engineering so the students will be able to use their ability in developing operating systems, web-based applications and so on, when they will get to work. Many people think that software is simply another word for computer programs. However, when we are talking about software engineering, software is not just the programs themselves but also all associated documentation and configuration data that is required to make these programs operate correctly. Ian Sommerville in his book Software Engineering (2011) explain that software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production that deal with software specification, software development, software validation, and software evolution.

Materials Development
According to Tomlinson (1998:2) materials development refers to any process which is done by writers, teachers, or learners to produce sources or input as the intake to expose the language use in teaching and learning process. In collecting the data, this research was conducted by observing and reviewing the documents such as syllabus and textbook. Then interviewing teacher in order to find information about the reading materials that teacher used in classroom and the problem that teacher faced while using it and distributing questionnaires to students in order to find out the students' needs to obtain the data about the developing of reading materials.
After gathering data, infromation and need analysis, researcher desgined the reading materials, then validated to experts, revised, and the result of revised product was the final product, these steps were adopted from Borg and Gall's

A. Research Findings
The developing reading materials were developed by using several stages, those are: 1). Gathering data. The data were gathered by using questionnaire, reviewing document and interviewing. The questionnaire was showed that the students were wanted the reading materials which could be motivated them to learn English.
Based on the reviewing documents (syllabus, textbook), the basic competence in syllabus stated that the eleventh grade students had to be able to capturing contextual meanings related to social functions, text structures, and linguistic elements of analytical exposition and explanation text, the syllabus. Then researcher found that the teacher used reading materials only from textbook and in the textbook there were 2 sections each of reading. After reviewing the textbook, researcher found that the existing reading materials were not suitable with vocational high school, the reading materials in the textbook still did not provide based on their specific needs.
After reviewing the documents, researcher also got information from interviewing teacher, based on interview teacher said that teaching reading usually done after 2 times meeting, it depends on the class. The interview was showed in teaching reading teacher faced that the materials in the textbook were not interesting for students, students were bored and students were not interested with the reading text in textbook. Teacher also said that the reading materials in the textbook were not enough to fulfill students' needs.
2). Need Analysis. The questions related to the students' necessities were asked in order to know what they should achieve so that they can fulfill the demands of the target situation. For this aspect, there were three questions which were given and the results are shown in the following table. 12,5% From the first item, many students stated that in the working fields, they need to understand English technical terms in the field of software engineering.
The percentage is 54,2%. In the developed reading learning materials, some texts and tasks are provided to facilitate the students in understanding some certain technical terms. Since the product of this research is English learning materials which focus on the reading skill, it may help the students to partly fulfill this kind of necessities. Nevertheless, after graduating from vocational high schools, 41,7% of the students stated that they would use English in the working fields to communicate actively in written or oral form.
The second item was provided in order to know the students' opinion about how important the use of texts which are related to their study program in the teaching and learning process of reading is. As what is shown in Table 4.2, 75% of the students believed that it was very important.
Lacks refer to the gap between the students' current knowledge and the required level in the target situation. In this case, the students were asked about their current level of English proficiency and reading ability. The results are presented in the following table. According to Table 4.3, the first item shows that the number of the students who were in the beginner level of English proficiency. The percentage is 50%.
For the more specific aspect which is the current students' reading ability, the results are different. As can be seen in Table 4.3, 50% of the students considered that they were in the average level.
Wants can be defined as what the students wish to be included in the materials. There are two items that are related to this aspect. The results of the students' wants are shown in the table below. 3) Designing Materials. After administering the needs analysis, the appropriate analytical exposition and explanation text materials for reading skill students of XI grade students at SMKN 9 Medan were identified. The main point was analytical and explanation text materials should consist of the appropriate materials for their major. So that, the researcher developed reading materials based on basic competences and also in designing analytical and explanation text reading materials based on scientific approach. The researcher developed indicator into the lesson plan, and then the materials developed related to the stages of scientific approach.

4) Validating by the experts,
The first expert was Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the result was described as follow:  The average score of validation from the first validator was 4.65 or 93% for reading materials of analytical exposition and explanation text, based on categorized above it was relevant or very good. Thus, the final draft of developed reading materials were valid and suitable to be used as learning materials for eleventh grade students for software engineering program.
The second expert was Julita Bakara, S.Pd, an English teacher in SMKN 9 Medan. The average score of validation from the second validator was 4.7 or 94% for reading material of analytical exposition and then for the explanation text the validator gave the score was 4.6 or 92%, based on categorized above it was relevant and also very good. It means that the materials were valid and suitable to use for eleventh grade students of SMKN 9 Medan.

5) Revision
, after giving the materials to the experts/validators, there were some revisions suggested by them. Validators suggested the instruction should explain clearly how to do the task, make the layout and the design be more interesting and provide more kinds of reading exercises, and to provide more vocabulary list and also about the layout should add the picture that interest the students, the teacher said that the placement of titles, subtitles, text in each unit were consistent.
6) Final Product. The final product was developed based on the suggestions and the comments of the first draft of the reading materials from the expert.

B. Discussion
The purpose of the study is to find out the students' needs and develop the

A. Conclusion
Generally, the existing reading materials are not suitable with vocational high school level. The developed reading materials were designed for 2 times meetings, and every meeting used stages of scientific approach (observing, questioning, exploring, associating, and communicating). And then, when the developed the materials, the researcher distributed the questionnaires. In terms of the target needs and learning needs. In target needs, there are four aspects to be observed. They are goals, necessities, lacks, and wants.
The developed reading materials were validated by two experts which are the average scores for analytical exposition are (4,65 and 4,7) and for the explanation text are (4,65 and 4,6) show that the reading materials are valid and suitable to use for the eleventh grade student of software engineering program.
After the developed reading materials were validated by the experts, the reading materials can be used. In order to improve their English skills especially in reading, XI grade Students of the software engineering program who are going to use the developed materials are suggested to actively participate in the teaching and learning process and do the tasks accordingly.

For the English teachers of the software engineering program
To achieve the goal of teaching reading, in using the developed materials, the teachers should create a good atmosphere in the classroom, play the roles that their students expect, and encourage them to read.

For the other researchers
For those who want to develop other learning materials, it is suggested that they have to pay attention to the learners' needs. Then, in designing learning materials, researchers need to be creative.