Land Suitability Analysis for Marine Tourism on Kalimantung Island, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country with high marine and fisheries potential.However, managing the potential of marine and fisheries is still not optimal.An ecosystem approach is one indicator of good marine and fisheries management.The ecosystem approach in fisheries management can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of areabased management.This is done using fisheries management indicators relevant to the ecosystem (Damanik et al., 2016).One of the promising marine potentials in Indonesia is the marine tourism sector.As the largest archipelago in the world, Indonesia has thousands of islands that have the potential to be developed as marine tourism destinations.One of the districts that has an area with a beautiful landscape of small islands is Central Tapanuli Regency in North Sumatra Province.
Central Tapanuli Regency is one of North Sumatra Province's regencies with small islands.There are 33 small islands in Central Tapanuli Regency (Directorate of Small Island Utilization, 2022).Based on the Decree of the Governor of North Sumatera Number 188.44/629/KPTS/2017Concerning the Reserve of Regional Marine Protected Areas of North Sumatra Province (2017) after going through marine and fisheries resource conditions in the Central Tapanuli Region, the Governor of North Sumatra has also proposed Coastal and Small Island Conservation Areas (KKP3K) and Small Island Parks (TPK) (Simatupang et al., 2019).In line with this, the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) of Central Tapanuli Regency for 2017-2022 emphasizes development in the tourism sector.
The Regional Original Revenue (PAD) of Central Tapanuli Regency in 2020 reached Rp 87,489,799,130.When viewed from the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) figures, the most significant contribution was obtained from the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries business field sectors, which amounted to 46.18 percent.Meanwhile, the tourism service sector has not significantly contributed to the GRDP of Central Tapanuli Regency.(Central Bureau of Statistics of Central Tapanuli Regency, 2022) The coastal and small island tourism sector is the main attraction for the tourism sector in Central Tapanuli Regency.Even in 2005, Mursala Island, one of Central Tapanuli's islands, was used as a shooting location for a Hollywood movie entitled King Kong (Rahmawati, 2020).This shows that the attractiveness of the islands in Central Tapanuli Regency has quite potential.
The number of domestic tourists in Central Tapanuli Regency increases by an average of 9.5% annually.However, the graph is not consistent every year.For the number of foreign tourists, the average increase is 8.2% each year.However, the yearly increase generally tends to be smaller in the last three years (Batubara, 2019).This data shows that tourism management in Central Tapanuli Regency is still not optimal to encourage a significant increase in tourists.
Recently, two islands have become new tourist destinations: Kalimantung Na Menek and Na Godang.This island has a beautiful natural panorama that attracts tourists visiting several surrounding islands.(Hutagalung, 2020) Province, 2020) However, the determination of the location of this tourist attraction has not been supported by an analysis of land suitability and carrying capacity of the area.If this activity continues, there may be a decrease in environmental quality on this island, which is also one of the Regional Marine Conservation Areas.To prevent the rate of damage to coastal and marine ecosystems due to excessive utilization patterns, the concept of resource utilization for marine ecotourism requires a management model focusing on two main approaches: Area Supportability (DDK) and Adaptive Supportability correction (DDA).This approach must be studied scientifically so that the environment can be utilized sustainably (Koroy et al., 2017).
The relationship between available resources and the perceived value of these resources is part of the attractiveness of a place that is presented in the form of tourism activities (Formica, 2004).To utilize land and natural resources for ecotourism purposes, a design is needed that considers the relationship between existing attractions and the ability of the region to accommodate these activities (Panigoro et al., 2023).Kalimantung Island's tourism development is part of protecting the coastal and small islands (Regional Development Planning Agency of Central Tapanuli Regency, 2016).It must be carried out using sustainable and spatially-based marine ecotourism management (Simatupang et al., 2019).Tourism activities on Kalimantung Island, which are currently taking place, are considered not to have been carried out based on in-depth planning and potential analysis.Until now, there has been no study on the potential development of spatiallybased environmentally friendly marine tourism on Kalimantung Island.
Referring to the problems mentioned above, the problem formulations in the study are how the land suitability class of marine tourism can be utilized for the recreation category, diving and snorkeling category, and swimming and canoeing category on Kalimantung Island Na Menek and Na Godang, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province.
This study aims to spatially analyze the land suitability class for beach tourism in the Kalimantung Island area.The novelty of this research is the spatial approach in the study of land suitability to measure the potential of marine tourism on Kalimantung Island, Central Tapanuli Regency, which has not been done at the research location.Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can carefully provide a basis for initial understanding in identifying strategic locations for ecotourism development (Bunruamkaew & Murayama, 2012).

RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted on Kalimantung Na Menek and Kalimantung Na Godang Islands, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province (Figure 1).Spatial analysis was conducted on these two islands to present the potential of each island depicted in the form of a map.Field data collection was conducted in August 2023.
The method used in this research uses a spatial analysis approach where all measured parameters are explored in the form of thematic maps (Igarta et al., 2020).The research variables focus on beach tourism for the recreation category, snorkeling and diving marine tourism, and marine tourism for the swimming and canoeing category (Wunani et al., 2013;Yusuf et al., 2019).The data collected in this study consisted of primary and secondary data.Primary data was obtained using measurement, observation, and interpretation of UAV aerial photography.Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained through literature studies.The data collection techniques are presented in the table below.(Wunani et al., 2013;Yulianda, 2007) Variables were collected by sampling with the underwater Photo Transect method to measure live coral cover.Data collection of reef fish species using fish census techniques using the fish transect method (Yusuf et al., 2019).Calculation of the percentage of coral cover is done using the equation according to UNEP/AIMS (UNEP/AIMS, 1993).The equation used is: Where c is the percent coral cover (%), li is the length of corals based on growth form (cm), and l is the length of the transect line (m).
The data analysis carried out in this study is divided into two parts, namely (1) land suitability analysis and (2) Land Supportability Analysis.(Wunani et al., 2013).Land Suitability Analysis is categorized into 3 (three) designations, namely (1) Beach Tourism for Recreation Category, (2) Marine Tourism for Diving and Snorkeling, and (3) Marine Tourism for Swimming and Canoeing Category.
Analysis of tourism suitability for the recreational category refers to the criteria according to (Yulianda, 2007).The analysis of tourism suitability for diving and snorkeling refers to the criteria issued by the National Survey and Mapping Coordination Agency (National Survey and Mapping Coordination Agency, 1996).The level of land suitability is determined based on the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI).The equation used to determine TSI is: Where TSI is the tourism suitability index (%), Ni is the value of the i-th parameter (weight x score), and Nmax is the maximum value of a tourism category value (weight x maximum value) (Yusuf et al., 2019).(Wunani et al., 2013;Yulianda, 2007) Description: S1 = Very suitable, with a score of 75-100%; S2 = Moderately suitable, with a score of 50-<70%; S3 = Conditionally suitable, with a score of 25-<50%; N = Not suitable, with a score of <25., 1996;Yusuf et al., 2019) Description: S1 = Very suitable, with a score of 75-100%; S2 = Moderately suitable, with a score of 50-<70%, S3 = Conditionally suitable, with a score of 25-<50%, N = Not suitable, with a score of <25., 1996;Yusuf et al., 2019) Description: S1 = Very suitable, with a score of 75-100%; S2 = Moderately suitable, with a score of 50-<70%; S3 = Conditionally suitable, with a score of 25-<50%; N = Not suitable, with a score of <25.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tourism Potential of Kalimantung Island
Kalimantung Island is part of the Mursala Island group, which has a beautiful coastal panorama.There are two islands named Kalimantung, namely Kalimantung Na Gadang and Kalimantung Na Menek.To the north of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is Silabulabu Na Godang Island, which is also very beautiful.Based on the results of field observations, tourists began to visit the three islands.The natural panorama has white sand, clear water, and beautiful coral reefs.

Coral Reef Condition
Based on the analysis of coral reef monitoring data, it was found that the condition of coral cover on Kalimantung Na Gondang Island was 55.55%.In comparison, the condition in Kalimantung Na Menek was 52.13%.This value has increased from 2021 to 38.78%, based on the research results by Harahap (2021).Based on the results of significant category identification (% of transect), the most dominant cover on the transect at Kalimantung Na Godang Island is Coral (HC) 55.55%, Dead Coral with Algae (DCA) 16.13%, Sand (S) 11.44%, Recent Dead Coral (DC) 8.54%, and Rubber (R) 8.34%.The distribution of the Major Category in Kalimantung Na Godang Island is presented in Figure 2.
The results of the identification of major categories (% of transect) show the most dominant cover on the transect on Kalimantung Na Menek Island is Coral (HC) 52.13%, Dead Coral with Algae (DCA) 15.12%, Recent Dead Coral (DC) 12.40%, and Rubber (R) 10.08%, and Sand (S) 9.55%.The distribution of the Major Category of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is presented in Figure 3.  Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Recreation Category Based on the results of measurement and data analysis of variables used to determine the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Recreation Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island, the TSI for the Na Godang Island recreation category is 64%, and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is 95%.
The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Recreation Category of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is higher than Kalimantung

Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) of Diving Category
Based on the measurement results and data analysis of the variables used to determine the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Diving Category on Kalimantung Island, the results of the TSI value for the Na Godang Island and Na Menek Kalimantung Island diving category are similar at 83%.The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Diving Category tends to be the same because the condition of the coral reefs of Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island tends to be the same.The area of coral reef cover on both islands is relatively the same at 55.55% and 52.13%.

Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for Snorkeling Category
Based on the results of measurement and data analysis of the variables used to determine the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Snorkeling Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island, the TSI for Snorkeling category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is 68% (Suitable).Kalimantung Na Menek Island is 75% (Very Suitable).The Tourism Suitability Index (TCI) for the Snorkeling Category of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is higher than Kalimantung Na Godang Island due to the value of the coral reef depth parameter.For snorkeling needs, coral reef depth is a very determining parameter.This is following the opinion of Yulianda (2007), which reveals that the optimal depth for snorkeling activities is between 1 to 3 meters.Depths of less than 2 meters may cause damage to the coral reef ecosystem as tourists may stand on the coral or touch it with their snorkeling equipment, potentially damaging the coral reef.This is also consistent with the views expressed by Lestari & Anna (2018), which state that waters that are too shallow (less than one meter) or too deep (more than 10 meters) are not suitable for snorkeling.Inadequate depth (less than one meter) will make it difficult for tourists when snorkeling, while too deep depths can also be risky for inexperienced tourists.Therefore, it is advisable for tourists, especially beginners, to use life jackets and get guidance from experienced tour guides to avoid damage to the coral reefs.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Research Location Map (Source: ESRI, 2023) By the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 4 of 2001 concerning Coral Reef Damage Standard Criteria (Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 4 of 2001 Concerning: Coral Reef Damage Standard Criteria, 2001), then the percentage of coral reef cover on Kalimantung Na Godang and Kalimantung Na Menek Islands is included in the good category.

Table 1 .
Data Source and Collection TechniqueNo.

Table 2 .
The Criteria of the Tourism Suitability Index for Recreation

Table 3 .
The criteria of the Tourism Suitability Index for Diving No.

Table 4 .
The Criteria of the Tourism Suitability Index for Snorkeling

Table 5 .
The criteria of the Tourism Suitability Index for Swimming and Canoeing

Table 6 .
Measurement Results of Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) Recreation Category

Table 7 .
Measurement Results of Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for Diving Category

Table 8 .
Measurement Results of Tourism Suitability Index (TCI) for Snorkeling