A NALYZING T RANSLATION S TRATEGY OF O NLINE M EDIA’S N EWS C ONTENT U SING S KOPOS P ERSPECTIVE

This research will answer the question and correlate it with the term of translation, especially through Indonesian to English. Using Skopos theory perspective, the researcher is able to analyze several functions and translation strategies that are used in translating the content of the news articles. Vermeer's Skopos theory has three important rules, namely the Skopos rule, the Coherence rule, and the Fidelity rule. Skopos theory will also bridge the choice of Bielsa's and Bassnett's translation strategies that are suitable for use in the English version of the Antaranews article. This research method is of the library research type, starting with the collection of 11 news articles from Antara in Indonesian and English, respectively. The Indonesian articles became the subject of source language research, while the English ones became the subject of target language research. Then each article was examined carefully, sentence by sentence in order to discover which translation strategy Bielsa and Bassnet models were used. To determine the translation strategy, the researcher integrates the Skopos theory which serves as an indicator of determination in the target language. Based on the research, it was found that Antara's news articles have implemented five kinds of translation strategies, namely: Changing Title and Lead, Removing Unnecessary Information, Adding Important Background Information, Changing the Order of Paragraphs, and Summarizing Information. The findings in the form of translation strategies that can be determined using Skopos theory in this study are expected to help research related to the world of translation at large.


INTRODUCTION
In this era, people tend to enjoy reading news through online media.Nowadays, some of the news media make a new transition from conventional media or paper-based to contemporary media or internet based (Ahlers, 2006).This fact made the media industry is trying to get the reader"s attention through the use of appealing news content.
In the process of delivering news, we need to know that the importance of translation.It comes from the fact that translation can build bridge knowledge between two different languages.The practice of this term already well known in Western history.For the example Cicero in making Roman translation of Greek oratory, translation of Christian New Testament by St. Jerome, and etc.When in the old time the function only used for spreading religious and academic matter, today translation is used to deliver the fact or news of a specific country.By using certain language and culture, the information inside the news can be enjoyed for global readers.This kind of phenomenon makes media try to reckon the translation importance.
Through of this fact, many news industries utilize their news with two or more different languages.
Antara news portal already well known in Indonesia as a best website which has credibility to deliver any kind of information and fact in all over the world.Mostly, Indonesian people tend to visit this website because of fast updated news.According to similarweb.com, up until now, the total visit in Antaranews reaches 8,3 million and still counting.Although it lost against many similar websites in Indonesia such as Detik, Kompas, Okezone, and Tribunnews, Antaranews is still believed as reliable source of the news.For the readers amusement, the site which was born in 1937, serves many news in two different languages which are Bahasa Indonesia and English.The Bahasa Indonesia news depicts as the source text (ST), meanwhile English version becomes the target text.
Related to journalistic, English and Indonesian news contents are different in some aspects.It is reasonable because those two different languages differ from each other.The demands for Indonesia"s people to be more and more keep in touch with the world information update becomes the reason why translation is an important thing.In summary, translating news can be described as a move to widen knowledge for all the people in the world who thirst for information.In term of journalistic, translation is not only related with conversion of the two languages, but also an adaptation rewriting of the text that can meet the reader expectation, whether the translation published offline or online (Bassnett, 2006).
To be able to translate texts, the translator should know about Skopos theory which can determine the accurate translating word in the process.As an approach, Skopos theory is need to be implemented to show knowledge about marketing, aesthetic, and psychology as well as full of creativity and imagination (Gong, 2020).The use of skopos theory in translation, especially in the field of news translation, is arguably very related.This can be seen from the previous research titled "A Study on the Chinese-English Translation of the Foreign Ministry's Spokespersons' Remarks under the Guidance of Skopos Theory" by Weixuan Shi and Wanwan Zhong in 2021.In this study, it is revealed that the Skopos theory facilitates the conversion process from Chinese which is the source language to the target language, namely English (Shi & Zhong, 2021).The application of Skopos theory to translation is interrelated.It is proven by the function of the Scope Theory as a reference to determine what translation strategy is appropriate in an advertisement in Indonesia.This was revealed in a research in the form of proceedings "Kontribusi Teori Skopos dalam Penerjemahan Iklan" in 2020 by Purwani Indri Astuti, Ratih Wijayava, and Giyatmi from Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara Sukoharjo.The research presented at the National Seminar entitled "Implementasi Merdeka Belajar Berdasarkan Ajaran Tamansiswa" shows that Skopos theory is useful as a determinant of translation results that will be read by target readers (Astuti et al., 2020).This condition is also in accordance with the function in this study where the translation of news articles is also aimed at certain target readers, especially for readers from outside Indonesia.By using these terms, the researcher would like to analyze some translation strategies in news article Antaranews.The objectives of this research are (1) to identify and then classify translation strategies in Antaranews" articles, and (2) to investigate the application of the strategies in translating news article contents.

Skopos Theory
In order for Indonesian news content to be understood in the English version, the application of theory must be introduced.During the 1970s and 1980s, some academics at the German School made innovations in linguistics that gave translation a more dynamic function.
As a matter of fact, this relates to the process of translation as a form of communicative action with the aim of creating a text.In this case, the text will have the function of conveying the meaning contained in it based on the context.The emergence of this theory cannot be separated from the participation of Reiss and Vermeer.Later, there were also important figures such as Christine Nord who also developed Skopos theory.It is known that Hans J Vermeer has developed a theory related to translation called Skopostheorie (Sheng et al., 2019).He believes that translation is an intercultural action.In general, translation is not only the act of translating words, phrases or sentences, but also a complex activity where one provides information about the text in a new cultural and functional linguistic form.Translation in this kind of term only focuses on a source text.Due to the aim or purpose being owned by the action, Skopostheory becomes a theory of purposeful action.The essence of the theory is the principle that determines any translation process regarding translation action (Nord, 2018).
In Greek words, Skopos has meaning for the word "purpose."That"s why the term usually refers to the purpose of the translational action.Vermeer once said for further knowledge about theory, the translator also needs to understand the three rules.The three rules are divided into: Skopos rule, Coherence rule, and Fidelity rule.
Munday (2016) stated that the Skopos rule is the most important thing in the translation process.The Skopos rule indicates that a translation must have a purpose, in this case to be understood by the target reader.This rule itself has three forms of categorization.Firstly, the translator can support himself/herself by translating.Second, the communicative function where a translator can educate the readers through translation.Third, the purpose of using the right method or strategy in translating.Through these statements, it can be concluded that the Skopos rule requires the translator to create a clear text and set the right strategy to achieve the goal.This rule itself will make the translator free from the dilemma of choosing between dynamic equivalence or formal equivalence.Furthermore, there is the application of coherence rules that are more related to intratextual coherence.intratextuality in this rule has the aim of being able to fulfil the implementation of the meaning of the source text into the target text.Because of this condition, the translation result must be acceptable to common sense or in certain situations.In other words, the target text must be faithful.Intratextuality itself means that a translated text is acceptable.As a result, a translator has an obligation to be able to have the most appropriate translation strategy in order to apply this rule.This is so that the translation will be understood by the target readers.This scheme itself has also been proposed by Reiss and Vermeer (1984) who said that intertextuality must be in accordance with the coherence obtained by the recipient's situation.As a result, everything about the cultural background, knowledge of the target reader must be in the text.In simple terms, this rule requires the text to be understood by the reader.
Nord described the last rule which is the Fidelity rule has the function to reduce cultural differences in the translation process as much as possible.The linguist argues that a translator has a great obligation to make the recipient understand the text.Similar to the previous rule, the Fidelity rule is more about intertextual coherence.According to this rule, a translator should be faithful to the source text.In this case, the translator must pay close attention to the meaning contained in the source text so that there is no change in meaning when translated.The translator should not only pay attention to the reader's satisfaction, but also respect the author so that his/her work remains original.As a result, the translator must make the best arrangements so that the literary work can be conveyed perfectly.The Fidelity rule can be described as inferior to the other two rules.The Fidelity rule means that the target text should be intertextual coherent with the source text (Munday, 2016).Through this, the maximum rate of faithful should be reached by the relationship between the target text and the source text.One thing is for sure, faithfulness in this rule does not mean that a translation must be a copy of the original text.Instead, a translator should be able to set an appropriate level of faithfulness to keep the reader satisfied.
From those explanations, all three rules are associated with each other, but only diverse in hierarchical order.To achieve the expected purpose of translation, then the translator must follow the Skopos rule at first.Then it is followed by the fact that the translated text is coherent intratextuality, and finally be sure that the translation is coherent with the source text intertextually.
To help the translator to translate all the contents in online media Antaranews, translation strategies need to be applied.Translation strategies are the action of choosing a foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it (Venuti, 2017).Translation strategy is a problem-solving action in translating a text.Various experts have their own opinions about this translation strategy.However, this strategy is closely related to cultural provisions, so it is suitable when combined with the implementation of Skopos theory (Baker, 2017).

Translation Strategy
In this research, the researcher using Bielsa and Bassnet"s translation strategy model (2009).Bielsa and Bassnett in 2009 formulated five translation strategies specifically for translating news articles.The five strategies include: 1) changing headlines and leads, 2) delete some unnecessary information, 3) adding background information, 4) change the order of the paragraphs, and 5) summarizing information.The five strategies aim to convert text information in the source language (SL) into a more detailed form in the target language (TL).The essence of the translation process is not only the transition between languages, but also the fulfilment of cultural understanding and knowledge of the target readers.Then, the main purpose of news translation is to provide information precisely, clearly and comprehensively.
The process of translating news articles is often enforced by an editor or team in a media agency, whether print or online.The activity of converting SL into TL is an obligation that must be carried out by journalists or editors of multilingual media (Bielsa & Bassnett, 2009).Both Bielsa and Bassnett also states the translation of news articles is never separated from the obligations of the writer, editor or language division in a media.Based on these statements, they concluded that translation is trans editing with the scope between trans text and translation in practice.

METHODOLOGY
This research used a descriptive qualitative approach.Research in the form of a product of the researcher's subjective interpretation of data both fundamentally and interpretatively is the hallmark of qualitative.Meanwhile, according to Holmes in Sorvali (1996), descriptive translation has divided into three orientated categories which are: function-oriented, processoriented, and product-oriented translation study.
The main data used in this research is sourced from the Antaranews news site (https://www.antaranews.com/)along with its English version.there are 11 articles of the Indonesian version and its English translated version that will be collected from this news site.This research uses translation work, in this case, the news content of the Antaranews as the data; therefore, it is included in a product-oriented translation study.Then the researcher will continue with the implementation of the Skopos theory to analyze the translation through the source text.
Considering that the various data studied go from words to sentences and then to paragraphs, the use of Skopos theory will make it easier to understand first.After that, the process of analyzing translation strategies according to Bielsa and Bassnett's model will continue.In order to know the context of the news data studied, researchers also use the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia or KBBI Online (https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/) and Longman Online Dictionary (https://www.ldoceonline.com/).Several books related to news reporting and news translation were also used.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
After the analysis process, there are 103 data of translation strategies found in 11 news articles of Antaranews English version.Removing unnecessary information was the most frequently used translation strategy in Antaranews with 31 occurrences (30.1%).Meanwhile, the least frequently used strategy is summarizing information with 10 occurrences (9.7%).The following is the data presentation based on table 1.

Changing Title and Lead
Considering that news translation is a practice that needs to be in line with the target audience, changes in titles and leads are something that must be considered.Referring to the Skopos theory, which has three different rules, it is found that there are changes that must be made to the headline.The reason for these changes is to make the news article more acceptable to the target audience.Similarly, changes to the lead are also mandatory, as it is related to the This translation process also implements the skopos rule where the translator explicitly continues to use TT sentences in accordance with the ST.In this case, it can be seen in the sentence "tak ada pembatalan kunjungan wisata secara signifikan" to "no major cancellations in foreign tourist visits."Apart from the title, the translator also made no significant changes to the lead.Then the implementation of Coherence rule is also seen in the title, especially when the word "Sandiaga" is changed to "Minister."This is in accordance with the position held by Sandiaga Uno, namely as Menteri Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif (Menparekraf).To fulfill the fidelity rule indicator, the translator did not make any significant changes to the sentence structure, both in the title and lead of the news article.
Baker's strategy of changing titles and leads has been described by Baker, who examined the Arabic-to-English translation process carried out by the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI).In an article entitled "Critical Studies on Terrorism" (2010), Baker revealed that MEMRI has a tendency to change the title and even the content of the news to have excessive connotations (Baker, 2010).Of course, this makes the ST and TT forms slightly different.In line with this research, Annisa Cinantya Putri, who conducted research on translation strategies on Indonesian media news sites, Vice.com, revealed a similar thing that changes in the title and lead of news texts are commonplace.In Annisa's article titled "News translation in the digital age: A case study of Vice.com" (2019), she explained that the process of changing the translation of titles and leads is due to intercultural differences between the source and target languages (Putri, 2019).

Removing Unnecessary Information
This strategy aims to remove information that is unnecessary, redundant, irrelevant, and even too general.It also allows the translator to have a strong authority to change the translation without changing the meaning.The use of this strategy requires a high understanding of the context of the text.It is also necessary to understand the main purpose of the article and all the information surrounding it in the hope that there will be no misinformation.

SL: Ia juga mengingatkan bahwa korupsi bukan hanya perbuatan tindak pidana, melainkan
korupsi juga merampas hak-hak rakyat.(B/ID/5/5) TL: He also reminded that corruption is not just a crime, but also an action that robs the people's rights.(B/ENG/5/5) Based on the concept of skopos theory regarding skopos rule, the translation of this sentence has led to a clear purpose, in accordance with the context.the personal pronoun "he" (Firli Bahuri / KPK official) has explained about corruption that torments the people.In the target text (TT), the translation of the word "corruption" in the second phrase is omitted.This is so as not to create a redundant situation.The translation by eliminating the word "corruption" also practiced the rule of coherence.As Vermeer and Reiss (1984) said, translations are required to be intratextually coherent.This condition can be seen from the replacement of the word "corruption" with "action."Based on the rule of fidelity, the sentence structure does not deviate from the ST.
The use of this strategy is no different from the omission translation method.This is described by Roberto A. Valdeon in a journal article entitled "Anomalous news translation" (2008).Through the article, Valdeon suggests that there is a selective step that should be taken by the translator either in terms of omitting or adding information to the target language (Valdeón, 2008).A similar condition is also presented by Hamza Eltheb in an article entitled "Unseen Policies in News Translation: A Study Investigating News Translators' Practices and Strategies" (2022), where in determining a translation, a translator can perform Ideological Alteration Strategies.This is highlighted when a translator can translate a 500-word text into only 100 words because the information in it can be summarized in such a way (Eltheb, 2022).

Adding Important Background Information
After translating the source text into the target text, an editor or translator has the authority to change the text.Like the previous two translation strategies, the strategy of adding background information is also effective in helping target readers understand the context in the source text.This strategy requires the translator to select and add appropriate information without being wordy.In general, this strategy requires the translator to add information in a short, concise and clear manner so that the readers can fully understand the content of the news.Using the skopos rule, the translator implements the main purpose of the sentence which is to inform about KKN.Since the context of KKN only exists in ST, the translator also adds information about what the abbreviation stands for: "corruption," "collusion," and "nepotism." In addition, the translation also implements the rule of coherence, where the context of what KKN stands for is intratextually connected in the sentence.The explanation is also expected to provide understanding to the target readers.For the implementation of the fidelity rule, the translator is able to convert the source language to the target language according to the author's previous wishes.
Adding information to the target language text is also common in journalism.This is as described by Bell in his book entitled "Translation and Translating.Theory and Practice" (1991) cited from "Meta Journal des traducteurs" by Yves Gambier in 1993.Basically, an editor or translator has the power to delete some news information, add information when needed, and revise information without changing the overall meaning (Gambier, 1993).This condition is also confirmed by Annisa who mentioned that there is a process called domestication in a translated text in the form of a quote to make it more acceptable to the target readers.

Change the Order of Paragraphs
The strategy of changing paragraph order is very helpful for translators or target readers to understand the coherence of the text.Since the source text has a different language from the target text, sometimes the arrangement of the connecting information of each paragraph becomes irrelevant when translated.As a result, instead of adding or subtracting information, the translator has the right to change the arrangement of paragraphs in the hope that the text becomes more coherent and easier to understand.
According to Bielsa and Bassnett (2009), the use of this strategy does not necessarily change the structure of the paragraphs alone but also the structure of the text, including the scope of sentences.The arrangement must at least take into account the relevant facts or what the text really needs to be understood.The process of using this strategy at least requires the translator to understand the context and the main idea in the paragraph.
(D/ID/2/2) TL: As a monitoring and evaluation effort, Uno remarked that the ministry had deployed a team, one of which was in Australia, to observe the movement of tour booking on an hourly basis.(D/ENG/2/2) In accordance with the rules of coherence, the application of the translation strategy of changing the order of paragraphs seems quite effective.In the ST form, the phrase "Ia menuturkan" undergoes a change of position and pronoun substitution to "Uno remarked."In terms of fidelity rule, the translator succeeds in making a TT translation that is not much different from the ST.In terms of the use of the skopos rule, the translator also keeps the translation in accordance with the purpose of the source text.
The use of translation strategies in the form of changes in paragraph order is intended to make target readers better understand the information provided from the source language text.
Referring to the structure of news making in the form of an inverted pyramid, which means that general information must be described first in the first paragraph which is then followed by specific information in the next paragraph (Sri Hayati, 2010).Since the target readers are not familiar with the source language text, a journalist/editor/translator must organize the paragraphs from the source language into a cohesive target language text (Putri, 2019).

Summarizing Information
Summarizing information is a translation strategy that focuses on presenting the news in a concise and clear manner to the target reader.the main purpose of this strategy is to determine the information that is worth writing in a news article.this strategy is also effective in reducing redundant words and verbiage so that the news message can be conveyed directly.In the English version of Antaranews, there are sometimes some institutional words that are directly shortened or abbreviated to avoid redundancy in meaning.For example, the translation of the sentence above shows the use of summarizing information translation strategy in the phrase "Minister of Law and Human Rights."Instead of writing again at length regarding the minister's position, the context in the sentence immediately changes to be more concise by using the pronoun "minister" only.This condition is in line with the application of coherence rules that take part in Skopos theory.The coherence of the sentences in the ST and TT versions has not changed significantly.Meanwhile, the application of the fidelity rule is also seen in the replacement of the words "minister of law and human rights," where the degree of faithfulness there does not change the overall originality of the sentence.Finally, the application of the skopos rule can be seen when the translator decides to use the strategy of summarizing information to be better understood by the English-speaking target readers.
Finally, the application of the summarization translation strategy is similar to the deletion of some unimportant information in the source language.According to Bassnett, summarization translation strategy plays an important role in conveying the cultural understanding of the source language to the target readers (Bielsa & Bassnett, 2009).This is also expressed by Annisa Putri who argues that the summary translation strategy has a function so that the information to be digested by the target reader is easier to understand while avoiding text that is too complex (Putri, 2019).

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This research proves that the Antaranews local media news portal has a tendency to use the translation strategy of eliminating unimportant background information.The application of this strategy is in accordance with the aim to be more easily understood by target readers who focus on using English.This strategy is similar to the use of summarizing information which tends to summarize various kinds of information ranging from positions, institutions, and even quotation structures.Efficient use of this strategy is expected to make readers understand the context of the news better.
On the other hand, the use of addition information is also a mainstay of the Indonesian news portal.Since the cultures of England and Indonesia are very different, additional background information needs to be written in translated articles.Of course, the addition of information must also be related to the purpose of the sentence.As described in the Skopos theory, there is a need for coherence in the process of translating text from ST to TT.As a result, readers who are not native Indonesians can immediately understand the meaning of the news after reading the additional background information.The application of this strategy can be in the form of words, even phrases and sentences.
Then there is the strategy of changing the order of paragraphs which also includes changes to the structure of phrases and sentences.Due to the distance in language characteristics, both from Indonesian and English, the application of these strategies cannot be separated from the preference factor to the target reader.Due to the function of the Antaranews website that can be intended for international readers, it is also necessary to use universally accepted English structures.The application of the strategy of changing paragraphs is also related to the relationship between the writer or journalist and the translator.A translator must respect the writer's writing style without changing the meaning of the translated text.This scheme is also in line with Bielsa and Bassnett's (2009) opinion that the process of writing, changing, and translating a news article are interrelated with each other.
Finally, there is the use of translation strategies to replace headlines and news leads.The difference between Indonesian and English language styles is the reason for the need to change the title of a news story.For example, there is the replacement of the name of a popular person with his position as a minister.If in Indonesia the name "Sandiaga Uno" is already popular and known to the general public, then the translated version can be replaced with the position of the public figure as a minister.This is to facilitate understanding among international readers.Then there is a change in the lead or first paragraph so that readers can more easily follow the content of the news concerned.Through the three rules of Skopos theory, it is necessary to translate the headline and lead appropriately in order to give a good impression to the target readers.
In general, the translation of news articles is also related to the target audience, so the Skopos theory is needed as an intermediary.The three important rules of the Scope theory will be able to create the right situation so that a translator can decide which translation strategy to use.Besides paying attention to the purpose of translation, a translator should also be aware of the context of words, phrases and even paragraphs of the source text.After that, the translator must also have knowledge of both the source and target languages in order to convey information correctly.
This research suggestion is still needed especially in terms of news translation for other media.This is because various media in Indonesia also have their own writing styles.Especially in terms of multilingual news articles where local media rarely add articles with foreign language versions.The researcher also recommends looking for research objects in the form of translated articles in other media.In addition, for the sake of future research, there is also a search for correlations between the translation results and Skopos theory.Thus, research on the translation of news articles can be maximized.

ST:
Setelah mendapat Rekomendasi Pendirian DTI dari Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga tertanggal 10 Oktober 2022, DTI langsung mengajukan Pengesahan ke Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, dan pada 22 November, Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI mengeluarkan keputusan pengesahan DTI.(E/ID/11/6) TT: After receiving the recommendation for the establishment of DTI from the Ministry of Youth and Sports on October 10, 2022, DTI immediately submitted an endorsement to the Minister of Law and Human Rights, and on November 22, the minister announced his decision to ratify DTI.(E/ENG/11/6)