JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL
ISSN 2407-7429 (Online) || ISSN 2085-482X (Cetak) JUPIIS is a Journal of Social Science Education for information and communication resources for academics, and observers of Educational Social Sciences, Social Sciences, Political Sciences, Methodology of Social Sciences and Social Work. The published paper is the result of research, reflection, and actual critical study with respect to the themes of governmental, social, and political science. All papers are blind peer-reviewed by at reviewer. The scope of JUPIIS is is a Journal of Social Science Education. Published twice a year (June and December). <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2407-7429?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222085-482X%22%2C%222407-7429%22%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22_type%22%3A%22article%22%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE AND WASTE GOVERNANCE IN SOUTH TANGERANG: A POLITICAL ECOLOGY ANALYSIS
This study analyzes the relationship between the state, society, and the private sector in waste management in South Tangerang City through the perspective of Political Ecology and public policy. This research is motivated by the urban waste crisis which is characterized by waste production of more than 1,000 tons per day, while the capacity of the Cipeucang Final Disposal Site (TPA) is only able to accommodate around 300–400 tons per day. In contrast to previous research that emphasized the technical aspects of waste management, this study focuses on power relations, ecological impact distribution, and dynamics of environmental policy implementation. The research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation studies. The results of the study show that the waste crisis in South Tangerang is a structural problem influenced by urbanization, weak institutional capacity, and inequality in environmental governance. Residents around the Cipeucang Landfill reported strong odors, environmental pollution, and decreased quality of life due to the excess capacity of the landfill. The research also found that there is a differentiation of waste management services between areas with high purchasing power and areas that are more marginalized. These conditions create spatial injustices, where certain groups obtain better environmental services, while communities around landfills bear a greater ecological burden. In addition, the policy of sanctions against waste management violations shows a tendency to individualize risks through the transfer of responsibility to the community when waste sorting facilities and 3R TPS are not adequately available. In Foucault's perspective, such policies serve as a mechanism of social discipline and control. This research confirms that urban waste management is a matter of ecological justice, environmental risk distribution, and democratic development governance. Key words: Political Ecology, Public Policy, Waste Management, Regional Development, Environmental Governance
Copyright (c) 2026 JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMIZING THE ROLE OF NORTH SUMATERA BAWASLU IN COMBATING MONEY POLITICS: A LEGAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
This study analyzes the optimization of the function of the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) in law enforcement of money politics crimes in the election, with a case study at the North Sumatra Provincial Bawaslu Office. Money politics is an election criminal offense that threatens the legitimacy of election results and the quality of democracy. This research uses normative juridical approaches and empirical juridical approaches through in-depth interviews and document studies. The results of the study show that the form of law enforcement carried out by Bawaslu includes administrative, criminal, and code of ethics aspects. Steps to resolve money politics cases are carried out through the mechanism of the Integrated Law Enforcement Center (Gakkumdu) involving Bawaslu, the Police, and the Prosecutor's Office with strict time limits. However, optimizing the role of Bawaslu still faces legal obstacles (differences in election and regional election regulations, short deadlines) and non-legal obstacles (limited human resources, budget, cross-agency coordination, and low community legal culture). This study concludes that it is necessary to harmonize regulations, increase institutional capacity, strengthen coordination, and community participation so that law enforcement of money political crimes can run effectively and realize elections with integrity. Keywords: Bawaslu, Money Politics, Law Enforcement
THE ACCULTURATION OF ISLAM AND KARO CULTURE IN KARO REGENCY IN 19th to 20th CENTURIES
Karo Regency, located in the highlands of North Sumatra, is demographically known as a region with a significant Christian majority. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency of Karo Regency for 2023, Protestant Christians constitute 57.2% of the population, Roman Catholics 19.8%, while Muslims make up only about 21.3% of the total population. This condition has led to the historical narrative of Islam in this region often being marginalized in both national and local historiography. In fact, archaeological and historical evidence indicates a unique process of Islamization in the Karo lands, differing from the pattern of mass conversion on the eastern coast of Sumatra driven by sultanate powers. This research aims to identify, analyze, and reconstruct the Islamic archaeological and historical heritage in Karo Regency, as well as to understand the pattern of acculturation between Islamic teachings and local Karo culture, particularly the Pemena belief system and the merga silima (five clans) customary structure. This qualitative study employs a library research method, critically analyzing various primary sources such as Dutch colonial reports (Joustra, Westenberg, and Neumann), academic manuscripts, recent journal articles (2020-2025), undergraduate theses from various universities, and official documentation from the Regional Office for Cultural Preservation of Zone II, Medan. The research findings identify three main categories of heritage: (1) Ancient tomb sites, such as the Tomb of Nini Tengku in Lingga Village, the Tomb of Tengku Syekh Lau Bahun in Sukanalu, and other tombs of Acehnese scholars, representing the early phase of interaction from the 18th to 19th centuries; (2) Old mosque architecture, such as the Kabanjahe Old Mosque (1902-1904), the Lau Cimba Mosque, and the Nurul Iman Tigabinanga Mosque, which exhibit Acehnese-Malay architectural acculturation with local Karo construction techniques; (3) Intangible cultural manifestations, such as birth, marriage, and death traditions that have been integrated with Islamic values without losing the essence of customs, as well as the emergence of local figures like H. Sulaiman Tarigan as agents of cultural da'wah (Islamic propagation). This research concludes that the existence of Islam in Karo Regency is not a marginal phenomenon or merely a "small enclave," but rather historical evidence of a process of "cultural Islam" that took place peacefully, slowly, and adaptively through three main channels: trade, marriage, and political diplomacy with local rulers. The contribution of this research is to fill the research gap regarding Islamic archaeology in Muslim-minority regions of Indonesia and to provide an initial database for the preservation of cultural heritage that has been poorly managed and systematically documented. Keywords: Islamic, Karo, Acculturation.
ANALYSIS OF MELODIES AND TEXTS IN KATONENG-KATONENG BY SEVEN PERKOLONG-KOLONG IN KARO DISTRICT
This research examines the Katoneng-katoneng vocal tradition in Karo society, specifically focusing on the Pemasu-masun (blessing) segment. The primary aim is to analyze the musical characteristics, textual meanings, and the transmission process of this tradition through seven prominent perkolong-kolong (traditionalsingers) across different generations. The study addresses the shift from traditional instrumentation to electronic keyboards and the potential loss of melodic authenticity and depth of meaning due to declining interest among the younger generation. The study employs a qualitative method with an ethnomusicologicalapproach. The theoretical framework integrates Bruno Nettl’s Musical Character Theory to analyze melodic structures, Ferdinand de Saussure’s Semiotics to decode textual signs, and Robert Sibarani’s Oral Tradition Theory to examine performance and local wisdom. Data were gathered through field observations, in-depthinterviews, audio-visual documentation, and prescriptive musical transcriptions to map the stylistic variations of each informant.The findings reveal that the musical characteristics of Pemasu-masun follow a cyclical structure: pattern A (antecedent), which tends to use the Aeolian mode, and pattern B (consequent),which aligns with the Phrygian mode. Aesthetic variations are defined by the perkolong-kolong’s improvisational skill in executing vocal ornaments known as rengget. Textually, the Pemasu-masun lyrics serve as a system of signs representing the philosophical value of teneng (tranquility) and the Rakut Si Telu kinshipstructure. The transmission process occurs orally through observation and social interaction. In conclusion, despite the transformation of musical accompaniment, the perkolong-kolong remains a vital guardian of cultural identity, ensuring the continuity of Karo’s traditional values amidst modernization. Keywords: Katoneng-katoneng, Pemasu-masun, Perkolong-kolong, Semiotics.
INNOVATION OF VIRTUAL REALITY TEACHING MEDIA IN CIVIC EDUCATION LEARNING IN THE ERA OF TECHNOLOGICAL DISRUPTIONS: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF CIVIC KNOWLEDGE TRANSFORMATION
Technological advancements in the era of disruption require a shift toward more interactive learning, including in Pancasila and Civic Education (PPKn). However, conventional teaching practices often result in low student engagement and limited civic knowledge understanding. This study aims to analyze the use of Virtual Reality (VR) as a learning medium, examine its effectiveness in transforming civic knowledge, and identify its advantages, limitations, and implications. The research employs a literature review method by analyzing relevant scientific sources published within the last 5–10 years through selection and synthesis processes. The findings indicate that VR possesses immersive, interactive, and multisensory characteristics that enhance student engagement, conceptual understanding, critical thinking, and social awareness. These findings are supported by studies showing that VR improves engagement and meaningful learning experiences . However, its implementation faces challenges such as high costs, infrastructure limitations, and user readiness. The contribution of this study lies in providing a comprehensive analysis that integrates technological, pedagogical, and civic perspectives, while strengthening the discourse on civic knowledge transformation in PPKn learning. Therefore, VR has strong potential as an innovative learning medium to improve civic education quality.. Key words: Virtual Reality, Civic Knowledge, Civic Education
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ENFORCEMENT IN MEDAN
This study analyzes the effectiveness of the application of administrative sanctions for corporations in environmental law enforcement at the Medan City Environmental Agency (DLH). The background of the research is the importance of administrative sanctions as a fast preventive and corrective instrument compared to criminal or civil channels. The method used is normative-empirical legal research with a normative juridical approach, supported by in-depth interviews and document studies. The results of the study show that normatively, the regulation of administrative sanctions in Law No. 32/2009 jo. Law No. 6/2023, Government Regulation No. 22/2021, and the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 14/2024 is adequate and places corporations as subjects of environmental law. Empirically, the implementation of sanctions by the Medan City DLH shows relative effectiveness, reflected in the increase in corporate compliance with written warnings and government coercion, as well as changes in environmental management behavior. However, effectiveness has not been optimal due to obstacles such as the limited number of environmental supervisors, low legal awareness of business actors, weak coordination between agencies, and socio-economic dilemmas in imposing heavy sanctions (freezing/revocation of permits). It is necessary to strengthen institutional capacity, increase supervision, and foster sustainable compliance to realize more effective environmental law enforcement. Keywords: Administrative Sanctions, Corporation, Environmental Law.
STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING DRUG ABUSE AMONG ADOLESCENTS BY THE NATIONAL UNITY AND POLITICS AGENCY OF SOUTH LABUHANBATU REGENCY
This research aims to describe and analyze strategies for preventing narcotics abuse by the South Labuhanbatu Regency National and Political Unity Agency (Bakesbangpol) and identify obstacles in its implementation. The main problem addressed by this research is that South Labuhanbatu Regency ranks among the top five areas in North Sumatra Province for narcotics danger, with 371 suspects reported between 2023 and October 2024, primarily from the productive age group and teenagers. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through triangulation, which included semi-structured interviews with key informants, observation, and documentation studies. "Data analysis" refers to Hunger and Wheelen's strategic management model, which includes four elements: environmental observation, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and evaluation and control. The research results show that at the environmental observation stage, Bakesbangpol has strong operational facilities but is weak in the quantity and competency of human resources and does not yet have a narcotics specialization unit. The strategy formulation is considered to be still general and not sharp enough, as the target performance indicators (150 students) are very disproportionate compared to the youth population, which reaches 63,272 people. The implementation stage was hampered by budget limitations, with realization of only 61% and a long gap in outreach activities since 2022. At the evaluation stage, data asymmetry was found because performance achievements were not included in the 2024 Performance Accountability Report. In conclusion, the prevention strategy has not been effective and consistent due to weak policy focus and budget support. Researchers suggest the establishment of the South Labuhanbatu BNNK and a special youth unit at Bakesbangpol to increase the effectiveness of prevention on an ongoing basis. Keywords: Prevention, Narcotics, Youthl, Strategic Management.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WAYGROUND APPS AS EVALUATING TEACHING AND LEARNING TOOL OF INTERNATIONAL MUSIC APPRECIATION SUBJECT FOR 8th GRADER SMPN 29 BANDUNG
This study aims to analyze the use of the “Wayground” app as an assessment tool for foreign music appreciation among eighth-grade students at SMPN 29 Bandung and to examine its impact on the quality of learning assessment. This study employs a qualitative approach using the case study method. The research subjects consisted of 28 students who participated in the “Wayground”-based assessment. Data were collected through interviews with teachers and students, observations of the evaluation process in the classroom, and documentation of assessment results recorded in the application. The results of the study indicate that prior to the use of “Wayground,” teachers had utilized various forms of assessment, including digital media; however, their implementation had not been consistent or systematic. The use of the “Wayground” application introduced a more organized assessment process through features such as time management, automatic grading, and the presentation of assessment results in a visual and structured manner. In addition to enhancing students’ motivation, focus, and engagement in completing assignments, this application also supports improved assessment quality through the efficiency of the assessment process, the speed of providing feedback, and the ease with which teachers can document and analyze student learning outcomes more accurately. Thus, the “Wayground” app is considered capable of supporting the implementation of foreign music appreciation learning evaluations that are more effective, systematic, and adaptive to technology-based learning needs. Further research is recommended so that teachers can develop more systematic evaluation plans and integrate the use of the “Wayground” app with appropriate learning strategies to ensure learning outcomes can be measured more optimally. Keywords: Wayground; Music; Digital Assessment; Gamification,
HISTORY OF SUGIYONO'S ICE CREAM BUSINESS IN MEDAN: A LOCAL ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND BUSINESS RESILIENCE
This study aims to reconstruct the history of the development of the Sugiyono Ice Cream Factory in Medan City for the period 1983–2025 and analyze the factors of business resilience and its economic implications from a local economic perspective. The method used is a historical method with a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and documentation. The results of the study show that this business started manually with knowledge capital from the island of Java, then gradually transformed into a hybrid production system without losing the distinctive taste. Marketing strategies based on mobile sales and social proximity have proven effective in building customer loyalty in the midst of modern product competition. The main factors of business resilience for 42 years include consistency of quality, selective technology adaptation, personal relationships with consumers, and debt-free capital structure. The local economic implications are manifested in the provision of family employment, participation in community social activities, and the strengthening of an independent people's economy. The study concludes that the sustainability of small businesses does not necessarily require massive digitalization or aggressive expansion, but rather value consistency, social closeness, and wise adaptation. Key words: History, Ice Cream, Business, Resilience.
ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF DPD-RI SECRETARIAT STAFF IN BENGKULU PROVINCE
This study is titled “Analysis of the Roles of Secretariat Staff at the DPD-RI Representative Office in Bengkulu Province.” One of the issues arising regarding the role of Secretariat staff at the DPD-RI Representative Office in Bengkulu Province is the suboptimal performance of their duties. In the implementation carried out by the secretariat staff of the DPD-RI Representative Office in Bengkulu Province, there are discrepancies with the processes or provisions established in the guidelines for managing DPD-RI offices in provincial capitals, as issued by the General Secretariat of the Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia in 2022. The purpose of this study is to identify, describe, and analyze the roles of the secretariat staff at the DPD-RI Representative Office in Bengkulu Province. This is a qualitative descriptive study; data were collected from informants selected using purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the roles of the secretariat staff at the DPD-RI Representative Office in Bengkulu Province have been carried out in accordance with the implementation guidelines. However, improvements and refinements are still needed to ensure even better performance of these roles. To that end, the author recommends taking concrete steps to ensure the sustainable fulfillment of the roles of the Secretariat Staff of the DPD-RI Representative Office in Bengkulu Province, improving the quality of their work, and striving to provide specialized education or training. Keyword : Roles, Secretariat Staff, DPD-RI, Bengkulu
BATU NA PIR SITINJAK AS A CULTURAL TEXT: INTERPRETATIONS OF RITUAL AND FORM IN BATAK TOBA TRADITIONAL ART
Batu Na Pir Sitinjak is a stone burial monument of the Batak Toba people that serves as a profound medium for cultural, spiritual, and social expression. This study aims to examine Batu Na Pir Sitinjak as a "cultural text" by interpreting its ritual practices and visual forms within the framework of traditional art. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the research utilizes Hans-Georg Gadamer’s hermeneutic approach, which positions cultural artifacts as texts whose meanings are shaped through a dialogical relationship between tradition, historical context, and the interpreter’s experience. Data were gathered through field observations, visual documentation, and in-depth interviews with customary leaders. The findings reveal that the monument’s structure, which resembles a solu bolon (traditional boat), symbolizes the soul's transition to the ancestral realm. Dominant visual elements, including oversized head sculptures representing sahala (spiritual power) and seated figures reflecting submission, indicate the ancestor’s social and spiritual status. Furthermore, gorga ornamentation serves as a symbolic language for Batak cosmology, while the figure of a woman holding bowls represents the panghurasan (purification) ritual and the vital role of women as spiritual agents. This study concludes that Batu Na Pir Sitinjak is not merely a historical relic but a dynamic cultural text. Its meaning is continually reconstituted through the "fusion of horizons," where aesthetic, ritual, and social values remain alive and reinterpreted within the ongoing relationship between the living and their ancestors. Keywords: Batu Na Pir Sitinjak; cultural text; Gadamerian hermeneutics; Batak Toba customary rituals; traditional art
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP OF FEMALE SUB-DISTRICT HEADS: A CASE STUDY OF NEGOTIATING THE PATRIARCHAL CULTURE OF THE PAKPAK ETHNIC IN SALAK
This study aims to analyze the leadership characteristics of female sub-district heads based on transformational leadership theory, analyze the obstacles faced by female sub-district heads in carrying out their leadership duties in the midst of patriarchal culture and analyze the views of the community in Salak District towards the election of female sub-district heads as leaders in the midst of patriarchal culture. This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the study show that the community and employees view female sub-district heads as having transformational leadership attitudes Idealize influence leadership attitudes that can be seen that sub-districts have attitudes as role models who are disciplined, firm, punctual, proactive and social, Inspirational motivation leadership attitudes that provide motivation in the form of verbal and moral motivation, Intellectual stimulation the attitude of the sub-district leadership that is open to ideas, suggestions and opinions for the progress of Salak District and Individualize consideration of leadership attitudes that pay attention to the needs of the community and its employees. The female sub-district head also does not get obstacles in terms of the patriarchal culture that exists in the Pakpak ethnic group because the Pakpak ethnic group has the motto Martampuk Bullung Merbenna Sangkalen, which means that everyone can position themselves according to their capacity and ability, in the sense that the motto provides an understanding of gender relations/openness. The community also views that to become a leader in the field of government for women is not an obstacle in terms of patriarchal culture in the Sulang Silima kinship system, where this kinship system only functions in positions in customs. Keywords: transformational leadership, women's sub-district, patriarchal culture
THE INFLUENCE BETWEEN GENDER INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND HIGHER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS IN HISTORY EDUCATION
HOTS learning that includes analysis, evaluation, and creation is a challenge in 21st-century learning. This includes understanding the values of local wisdom to encourage analytical, creative, and evaluative thinking towards complex cultural heritage. In its development, critical and reflective thinking to understand local wisdom is influenced by factors such as gender and interpersonal intelligence. Understanding local wisdom not only requires cognitive abilities but also concerns one's position in society, gender roles, and interpersonal intelligence. Gender influences students' historical perspectives and experiences, while interpersonal intelligence relates to students' experiences in interacting, discussing, and analyzing local values. This study aims to explore the relationship between gender identity and interpersonal intelligence in influencing HOTS thinking in history learning based on local wisdom. Using a quantitative approach with descriptive statistical methods with a population of history students who take local wisdom courses selected through purposive sampling. The results of the study indicate that there is a significant influence of gender on higher-order thinking skills (HOTS), especially in the aspect of critical thinking in learning local wisdom, while in interpersonal intelligence, men and women have equivalent results. In addition, interpersonal intelligence does not significantly affect HOTS abilities. So it can be concluded that strategies that can bridge collaboration between genders will create successful local wisdom learning. Key words: Gender, HOTS, Interpersonal Intelligence, Local Wisdom
SYMBOLISM OF THE TABERNACLE IN THE COMPOSITION THREE STEPS OF HARMONY: A THEOLOGICAL SEMIOTIC AND CULTURAL STUDY
This article investigates the creative process and theological foundations of the musical composition Three Steps of Harmony, which is systematically constructed upon the symbolic tripartite structure of the Tabernacle of Moses in Pentecostal theology. Utilizing an artistic research approach—following Hawkins’ model of exploration, improvisation, and composition—integrated with Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic analysis, the study maps the spiritual journey from the Outer Court to the Most Holy Place onto fundamental musical elements: rhythm, melody, and harmony. The research addresses a gap in church music literature by moving beyond purely functional liturgical studies toward an analysis of music as an epistemic medium—a conceptual framework that organizes complex spiritual teachings. The composition is specifically situated within the cultural context of Pentecostal congregations in Medan, North Sumatra, where music is viewed as a "lived" cultural event rather than a static aesthetic object. In the first movement (Outer Court), rhythm—including the use of applause and the cajon—serves as an index of communal bodily participation and the raw energy of repentance. The second movement (Holy Place) utilizes modern aerophones such as the saxophoneand trumpet, reflecting the adaptation of popular culture into sacred spaces to facilitate spiritual dialogue through contemporary timbres. The final movement (Most Holy Place) uses harmonic density and piano registers to symbolize divine perfection and the reunification of the believer with God. Findings demonstrate that theological concepts can be systematically translated into musical forms through the "principle of threeness," utilizing triplets, intervals of a third (ters), and triads. Ultimately, the study concludes that Three Steps of Harmony functions as a dynamic tool for cultural communication, bridging ancient biblical ritual with the contemporary identity of modern believers. By aligning musical structure with theological logic, the work offers a robust model for contemporary sacred composition that is both theoretically sound and culturally resonant. Keywords: music composition, pentecostalism, semiotics, cultural studies.
ANALYSIS OF ARABICA COFFEE CULTIVATION PRACTICES IN SIPIROK BY COFFEE FARMERS IN SIPIROK
Coffee is a major commodity in Sipirok, South Tapanuli Regency, with potential national and international markets. The implementation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in coffee cultivation is still limited, resulting in suboptimal quality and competitiveness of Sipirok coffee. This study aims to analyse farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards GAP and examine local government policies supporting coffee development. It also aims to identify challenges and barriers to GAP implementation. The theoretical foundations used include Pierre Bourdieu's habitus theory, the KAP model, and Rogers' innovation adoption theory. This study employed a qualitative method with a descriptive approach through field observations, in-depth interviews, and literature studies. Data validation was performed using triangulation techniques. The study area covered three sub-districts in South Tapanuli: Sipirok, Arse, and Saipar Dolok Hole. The results showed that most farmers still rely on traditional practices passed down through generations and have not fully understood or implemented GAP. The main inhibiting factors are limited capital, limited access to information, and resistance to change. A small group of farmers and local companies have adopted GAP more effectively. Local government policies are considered suboptimal in providing farmer education and mentoring. This study confirms that the transformation towards GAP implementation requires structural and institutional support, as well as changes in farmer habits to enable Sipirok coffee to compete in the global market. This study shows that the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) by coffee farmers in Sipirok remains low and partial. In terms of knowledge, most farmers are not yet systematically familiar with GAP and still rely on inherited traditions. In terms of attitudes, they demonstrate caution towards new practices, with doubts persisting because GAP is considered expensive, difficult to implement, and does not guarantee better prices. In practice, most farmers are still at the pre-GAP stage and are GAP literate. Comprehensive implementation is only seen in groups fostered by institutions such as the Darul Mursyid Islamic Boarding School. Keywords: Sipirok Coffee, Good Agricultural Practices, Analysis of Cultivation Practices, Coffee Farmers, Habitus
Copyright (c) 2025 Desy Army Lestari Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ACCULTURATION OF HADRAH WITH TRADITIONAL MALAY PERCUSSION IN ARBAIN'S MAULID ACTIVITIES IN MEDAN
This research is entitled "Acculturation of Hadrah with Traditional Malay Percussion in Maulid Arbain Activities in Medan City". The main purpose of this study is to identify the form of Hadrah performance in Maulid Arbain activities, analyze the Hadrah playing technique that is acculturated with traditional Malay music, and examine the acculturation process as a whole. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation, and is analyzed based on acculturation theory. The object of the research was focused on the performance of Hadrah in the Maulid Arbain activity at the Darul Ibtihaj Islamic Boarding School, Medan City. The results of the study show that there is an acculturation process between Hadrah and traditional Malay percussion music, as seen in the similarity of musical instruments such as tambourine and marwas to Malay drums. Acculturation is also reflected in interlocking-based game techniques that combine Hadrah rhythmic patterns with the peculiarities of Malay rhythms. In addition, the involvement of participants from various backgrounds, such as entrepreneurs, students, and Malay percussion music practitioners who study Hadrah, shows that this acculturation process also forms a dynamic and inclusive space for culturalinteraction in the community. This research found that Hadrah performance art during the Maulid Arbain celebrations in Medan City has undergone a significant acculturation process with traditional Malay music. This process is evident not only in the use of instruments such as the tambourine, bass hadrah, and marwas, but also in the playing techniques, which feature rampak and interlocking rhythmic patterns synonymous with Malay percussion music. Furthermore, the involvement of participants from diverse backgrounds, including the general public, demonstrates that Hadrah has become a platform for inclusive cultural expression. This acculturation enriches the aesthetic and spiritual values ​​of Hadrah performances, without diminishing the Islamic religious identity that underpins the performances. The acculturation of Hadrah with Malay music occurs not only musically but also socially—uniting Islamic boarding schools and the community within a single, dynamic cultural space. The polyrhythms created by the interlocking techniques serve as a musical symbol of the meeting of two major traditions that complement and enrich each other. This research provides several suggestions that can serve as a foundation for various parties to support the continuity and development of Hadrah art, which has undergone a process of acculturation with local culture, particularly in Medan City. This recommendation is aimed at further researchers, artists, educational and cultural institutions, and local governments that have a strategic role in preserving cultural and religious values. Keywords: hadrah, acculturation, Malay music, interlocking, Maulid Arbain, Medan
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Habibur Ridho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF CHILD-FRIENDLY CITY POLICIES IN THE SPECIAL PROTECTION CLUSTER IN MEDAN
The Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (KPPPA), developed a Child Friendly City policy to create a safe environment for children to grow and develop, one aspect of which is through protection against acts of violence. The city of Medan is one of the cities that was used as a pilot for the Child Friendly City project through this regulation. The choice of Medan City was based on the fact that Medan City is one of the largest cities in Indonesia with the largest population of children. This research aims to analyse the effectiveness of the Child Friendly City policy as well as analyse and determine the supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing the Child Friendly City policy in Medan City. This research is qualitative research with data analysis techniques through three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that the Child Friendly City policy, which is devoted to special services in the City of Medan based on indicators of right policy, right implementation, right target, right environment and right process, has not been running effectively. The supporting factors for this policy are the regional government's commitment to conducting policy evaluations, stakeholder involvement, and the implementation of Musrenbang as a forum for community participation, while the inhibiting factors are incomplete socialisation, low community awareness, and budget limitations so that the fulfilment of children's rights and the provision of child-friendly facilities are not yet optimal. Keywords: child-friendly city; special protection; policies
FAMILY SUPPORT IN REDUCING EMOTIONAL STRESS FOR THE ELDERLY IN THE SOCIETY 5.0 ERA IN PEKIK NYARING VILLAGE
In the rapidly evolving digital landscape of Society 5.0, characterized by advanced technology integration into daily life, elderly individuals often face heightened emotional stress due to isolation and adaptation challenges. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in rural areas like Pekik Nyaring Village, where traditional family structures intersect with modern technological demands. Recognizing the pivotal role of family support in mitigating such stress, this study explores how familial interventions can foster emotional resilience among the elderly. This study aims to analyze the support of the family in reducing emotional stress in the elderly in Pekik Nyaring Village, Central Bengkulu Regency. The approach used was qualitative with in-depth interviews with 12 informants, consisting of 6 elderly aged 60–78 years and 6 family members who care for the elderly. This study examines four dimensions of family support, namely emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal. The results showed that families provide emotional support through regular communication and attention, instrumental support in the form of assistance with daily activities and finances, informational support in the form of advice and direction, and esteem support through motivation and recognition. These four dimensions have been shown to reduce levels of emotional stress triggered by loneliness, health problems, economic problems, and the loss of a partner. In the context of Society 5.0, families also play a role as technological mediators by introducing telephones, video calls, or simple social media to the elderly. Despite obstacles such as limited digital literacy, distance, and family busyness, adaptive strategies such as gradual teaching and empathetic communication help maintain the emotional stability of the elderly. Thus, the quality of family support is key to improving the well-being of the elderly in the digital era. Keyword: Family support; Emotional stress; Elderly; Era Society 5.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Regina Dwi Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SELF-ACCEPTANCE AMONG THE ELDERLY IN THE TRESNA WERDHA CENTER IN BENGKULU
This study aims to gain a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of self-acceptance among elderly individuals living at Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Bengkulu, focusing on the factors that influence this psychological condition. Using a descriptive qualitative method, the research involved five elderly participants who served as key informants and provided detailed explanations regarding their personal experiences, perceptions, and reflections about life in the institution. The findings show that seven out of ten identified factors contribute positively to self-acceptance. These factors include the ability to understand oneself, having realistic expectations, the absence of significant environmental barriers, the lack of severe emotional disturbances, past achievements that strengthen confidence, maintaining a stable self-concept, and experiencing positive parenting earlier in life. These positive influences are supported by healthy thinking patterns, relatively good physical conditions, and emotional resilience in managing current challenges. However, three factors were found to hinder self-acceptance: receiving positive attitudes from others, identifying with well-adjusted individuals, and having a broad self-perspective. These inhibiting factors are associated with disharmonious peer relationships and a tendency for individuals to rely primarily on personal judgment rather than external input. In conclusion, the study highlights that self-acceptance among the elderly is shaped by both internal and external factors. It is recommended that elderly care institutions strengthen social and emotional support, and that further research be conducted to explore these influences more deeply in order to develop effective interventions that improve the well-being and overall quality of life of older adults. Key words: self-acceptance, elderly, social institution
Copyright (c) 2025 Made Cintia Rupawani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF THE ELDERLY IN THE TRESNA WERDA SOCIAL ASSOCIATION IN BENGKULU
This study examines the psychological well-being of elderly residents at the Tresna Werdha Social Institution (PSTW) Bengkulu using six-dimensional framework: self-acceptance, positive relations, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. Employing a descriptive qualitative design, the research involved observations and in-depth interviews with eight elderly participants selected through purposive sampling. The findings show that the overall psychological well-being of the residents is relatively good, although it varies according to individual physical conditions, social experiences, and personal histories. In terms of self-acceptance, the elderly are generally able to embrace aging-related changes and reinterpret past experiences with gratitude. Most participants maintain positive relationships, supported by warm interactions with peers and staff, despite limited contact with family members. The dimension of autonomy appears stable, as residents can make daily decisions and participate in preferred activities, even though institutional rules sometimes restrict their freedom. Environmental mastery is reflected in their ability to adapt to the physical and social environment, participate in routine programs, and maintain personal spaces. The participants also retain meaningful life purposes, expressed through spiritual aspirations, hopes for health, and desires to reconnect with family. Personal growth remains evident as many continue learning, developing patience, and engaging in new activities that strengthen emotional and spiritual maturity. Despite these strengths, several challenges—such as declining health, loneliness, rigid regulations, and limited facilities still hinder optimal well-being. The study highlights the need for enhanced supportive services and more varied activities to further strengthen the psychological well-being of institutionalized elderly individuals. Key words: psychological well-being, elderly, social institution
Copyright (c) 2025 Helmiyanti Anugerah Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COPING STRATEGIES FOR THE ELDERLY IN DEALING WITH FAMILY RELATIONSHIP GAP IN PEKIK NYARING VILLAGE
The increase in life expectancy in Indonesia, including in Central Bengkulu, has caused the number of elderly people to continue to increase and their need for family social support is getting higher. In Pekik Nyaring Village, some elderly people face gaps in relationships with their families due to distance from their homes, infrequent communication, and reduced emotional attention. This situation leads to loneliness, worry, and decreased psychological well-being. This research aims to uncover the coping strategies used by the elderly in dealing with family relationship gaps. The approach used is qualitative descriptive with purposive sampling technique. Six elderly people were selected as informants, and data was collected through in-depth interviews and observations. The analysis process includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study showed that the elderly applied two forms of coping strategies, namely problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Problem-focused coping can be seen from the efforts of the elderly to fill their time with productive activities, interact with the surrounding environment, and participate in religious activities. Meanwhile, emotion-focused coping is seen through the attitude of accepting the situation, trying to be patient, managing emotions, and strengthening spirituality through prayer, reading the Qur'an, and dhikr. These findings emphasize the importance of family support and social environment to support the emotional well-being of the elderly and serve as a reference in the preparation of more targeted social interventions. Keywords: Elderly, Relationship Gap, Coping Strategy
Copyright (c) 2025 Meita Relinza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEDIA RELATIONS IN MAINTAINING INSTITUTIONAL REPUTATION OF THE WEST SUMATERA REGIONAL POLICE
Media relations is a central function of public relations aimed at building productive relationships with mass media to support accurate and timely information dissemination. The West Sumatra Regional Police (Polda Sumbar) has faced negative news coverage that influenced its institutional reputation, prompting its Public Relations Division to strengthen media relations practices. This study examines how Polda Sumbar implements media relations as a reputation management strategy in the context of increasingly dynamic digital media. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed within a post-positivist paradigm. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis, and were analyzed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana model. J.E. Grunig’s Excellence Theory in Public Relations was used to understand the type of communication and relationship developed between Polda Sumbar and the media. The findings show that Polda Sumbar applies several media relations strategies, including organizing press conferences, utilizing digital communication groups, providing information verification services, and conducting informal interactions with journalists to strengthen interpersonal rapport. These practices reflect two-way symmetrical communication characterized by openness, responsiveness, trust-building, and collaboration. The institution also performs continuous media monitoring and evaluation to anticipate emerging issues that may threaten its reputation. The study concludes that media relations serve as a strategic tool for sustaining institutional reputation, enhancing public trust, and supporting organizational accountability. It recommends strengthening public relations competencies and optimizing digital communication to ensure more effective and sustainable media relations practices in the future. Key words: Communication, Maintaining, Media Relations, Polda Sumbar, Reputation
Copyright (c) 2025 Elva Ronaning Roem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRANSFORMATION OF STUDENTS' SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN PECIMAS ACTIVITIES: A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH IN EDUCATION
This essay examines how PECIMAS (Pelajar Cinta Masjid) activities at SMA Laboratorium Percontohan Indonesian University Education's influence students' social behavior. This descriptive qualitative study examines how religious activities in schools promote the internalization of values like responsibility, empathy, cooperation, and tolerance. It is driven by the growing worry over teenage moral degradation in the age of globalization. Symbolic interactionism and social action theory are used to evaluate activities such as shalat dhuha, Qur'anic tadarus, religious discourses, and Islamic events. The results show that PECIMAS's social interactions offer a contemplative environment that improves students' perceptions of themselves and helps them develop healthy social habits. Habitual behaviors, student involvement, outstanding role models, and the incorporation of religious principles into school culture are all examples of character development techniques. As a result, PECIMAS becomes a place for spiritual growth as well as a social learning environment that is contextual and transformative, fostering the growth of morally and religiously oriented people.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tio Budi Hartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PARENTING PRACTICES SELF-EFFICACY AND PEER SUPPORT ON RESILIENCE IN ADOLESCENTS
The family is the primary environment that shapes a child's physical and psychological development. However, inappropriate family conditions or structures can be a source of stress that impacts adolescent resilience in facing life's challenges. This study aims to analyse the influence of parenting practices, self-efficacy, and peer support on the resilience of adolescents from intact and divorced families. The population in this study were high school students in Bogor City, with 240 respondents consisting of 180 adolescents from intact families and 60 from divorced families. The results showed that there were significant differences in parenting practices and self-efficacy between adolescents from intact and divorced families. Self-efficacy and peer support had a positive and significant effect on adolescent resilience. In addition, parenting practices also contributed to building resilience, although the effect was smaller. These findings emphasise the important role of parents and the social environment in supporting the psychological resilience of adolescents in both intact and divorced families. Family conditions or family structure have a significant impact on parenting practices, self-efficacy, and resilience in adolescents. Adolescents from intact families receive more positive parenting patterns, such as support, warmth, and high responsiveness from their parents. These parenting patterns impact high self-efficacy, especially in academic and emotional aspects. Conversely, adolescents from divorced families show lower self-efficacy, although self-acceptance in resilience is actually higher. Peer support was found to play a significant role in strengthening self-efficacy and resilience, without significant differences between family backgrounds. This indicates that peers are a relatively stable source of support for adolescents across various family conditions. Correlation and regression tests indicate that parenting practices, self-efficacy, and peer support have a positive and significant influence on adolescent resilience. These findings also indicate that self-efficacy is the most powerful factor in shaping resilience, especially for adolescents from divorced families. Negative parenting practices such as excessive punishment can weaken adolescent self-efficacy and resilience. Therefore, social support and adaptive parenting are crucial in building overall adolescent resilience. Key words: peer support, self-efficacy, intact families, parenting practices, resilience
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Yolianda Utami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIAL MEDIA AS SYMBOLIC SPACE: IMPLICATIONS OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM ON GENERATION Z SELF-IMAGE AND SELF-ACCEPTANCE
This qualitative study investigates how female Generation Z undergraduates construct self-image and negotiate self-acceptance via Instagram interactions using the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, digital observations, and documentation involving five purposively selected participants from Tazkia University. Findings reveal that participants strategically manage self-image by curating visual content, ensuring feed aesthetics, and applying filters/editing. A clear separation of digital identities emerged, with a public-facing first account and a more personal second account. Digital cues, such as likes, comments, and shared content posts, act as social validation, influencing self-perception and emotional well-being. Self-acceptance involves reflecting on digital experiences, embracing personal attributes, and seeking offline support. Participants also adapt to social media pressures and algorithms by restricting audiences, using 'close friends' features, and deactivating accounts for self-stability. This study confirms Instagram as a symbolic space where individuals actively shape and negotiate identity and self-worth within a dynamic social context.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tengku Siti Nurhaliza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LUBUK LARANGAN: AN ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL AND SPACIAL APPROACHES INCORPORATING CULTURAL AWARENESS IN FLOOD DISASTER MITIGATION EFFORTS IN BAHOROK
Bahorok Subdistrict is one of the subdistricts in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra, known for the Bahorok River, which has experienced flooding in 2003, 2015, and most recently in 2023. Given this, natural disasters such as flooding pose a crucial risk to the sustainability of tourism in Bahorok Subdistrict if mitigation efforts are not planned effectively. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the implementation of*lubuk larangan* as a flood disaster mitigation effort in Bahorok Subdistrict, examine the cultural approach with cultural awareness appliedto *lubuk larangan* as a flood disaster mitigation strategy, and analyze spatial factors that need to be considered in developing flood disaster mitigation strategies in Bahorok Subdistrict. This research explores the role of *lubuk larangan* as a cultural and spatial approach in flooddisaster mitigation in Bahorok Subdistrict, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. It employs a mixed-methods approach with an embeddeddesign, combining qualitative and quantitative strategies. Data were collected through participant observation and questionnaires distributed to 60 respondents around the Bahorok River. Qualitative analysis was conducted through ethnographic interviews, domain analysis, and taxonomy, while quantitative analysis used descriptive statistical tests and Geographic Information System (GIS) to produce spatial maps related to flood potential. The study found that the implementation of *lubuk larangan*, initiated by local communities, is effective in preserving river ecosystems and serves as a form of non-structural disaster mitigation. The community's cultural awareness of *lubuklarangan* is still at the level of cultural consideration. Spatial factors such as topography, land slope, and land use are also crucial indeveloping flood mitigation strategies. The findings are expected to contribute significantly to river conservation efforts and community safety around the Bahorok River. Key words: Cultural, Spatial, Mitigation, Flood, Bahorok
Copyright (c) 2025 William Nainggolan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF STATE OFFICIAL ETHICS: A CASE STUDY OF THE POST-DEMAND OF AUGUST 2025
The ethics of state officials are a fundamental pillar in building and maintaining public trust, which serves as the foundation for the legitimacy and effectiveness of governance. In Indonesia, there is a gap between public expectations of officials' integrity and the reality of political practices, which are often tainted by abuse of power, corruption, collusion, nepotism (KKN), and the degradation of communication ethics. The massive demonstrations in August 2025 acted as a marker of the crisis, reflecting the public's deep disappointment with the behavior and policies of officials. The public perceives officials' ethics not merely as formal legal compliance but more as a manifestation of moral values, honesty, and civility in political life. This study employs a qualitative method with a case study approach to explore the public's subjective experiences in interpreting officials' ethics following the demonstrations. This study reveals a moral dissonance between public normative expectations and the actual behavior of officials. This experience shapes a negative collective memory while also triggering a new critical awareness to conduct more active social oversight. The research findings indicate that an ethical crisis not only damages individual reputations but also systemically undermines the legitimacy of government institutions. The study concludes that without comprehensive and ongoing ethical reform efforts, the erosion of public trust will continue, widening the gap between the state and its citizens. By addressing current issues, this research is expected to serve as material for critical reflection and provide practical recommendations for researchers and policymakers in efforts to strengthen the governance of integrity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sania Nusantari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE POSITION OF BORU DIAMPUAN IN THE CUSTOMS OF THE BATAK TOBA ETHNIC GROUP IN SIALANGUAN VILLAGE PANGURURAN DISTRICT
This study aims to analyze the position of boru diampuan in the customs of the Toba Batak ethnicity, analyze the challenges faced by the boru diampuanin the customs of the Toba Batak ethnicity. This research uses a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The location of the research was conducted in Sialanguan Village, Pangururan District, Samosir Regency. The data collection technique in this study was through participant observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and field notes. The results of the study showed that the son-in-law who lived in his wife's village was caused by economic limitations while living in Perantaun so he chose to return to his wife's village. There are three positions of boru diukah in customs , namely low social status, playing the role of parhobas (servants of traditional events), and not having the right to the inheritance of the in-laws. The position of boru diampuan in customs poses several challenges faced by boru diampu, namely disadvantaged social status, psychological challenges, and conflicts in agricultural land use. The phenomenon of boru diampuan in Sialanguan Village results in gender inequality because it shows a more dominant role and requires sacrifice from the boru diampuan, namely the son-in-law of the man who lives in his wife's village. Gender inequality can be seen when prioritizing men (hula-hula) and placing boru diamukah as a member of parhobas (servants) or who are always marginalized in the in-laws' families. Keywords: Toba Batak Ethnicity, Boru Diampuan, Dalihan Natolu, Boru Diampuan's Role, Gender Inequality
Copyright (c) 2025 Ratih Baiduri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERSONAL ACADEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AS DETERMINANTS OF PERCEIVED COMPLEXITY IN ACCOUNTING COURSES
This study aims to examine the influence of personal, academic, and environmental factors on students’ perceived complexity of accounting courses. Accounting is frequently regarded as a difficult subject due to its abstract concepts, procedural rigor, and analytical demands, which often affect students’ motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes. Understanding the determinants of perceived complexity is essential for improving the effectiveness of accounting education. This research employed a mixed-method explanatory approach, in which quantitative data served as the primary source of analysis and qualitative data supported the interpretation of results. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of 260 Accounting Education students at Universitas Negeri Medan using a structured questionnaire measured on a five-point Likert scale. The sample was selected using proportionate stratified random sampling based on semester level. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. To strengthen the empirical findings, qualitative data were obtained through classroom observations and semi-structured interviews with selected students and lecturers. The results indicate that personal factors—including learning motivation, academic ability, prior learning experience, and attitudes toward accounting—significantly reduce students’ perceived complexity of accounting courses. Academic factors, such as curriculum structure, teaching methods, and instructional material quality, also play a significant role in facilitating understanding and reducing cognitive load. Furthermore, environmental factors, encompassing academic, social, and physical learning environments, positively influence students’ engagement and perceptions of accounting learning. Qualitative findings confirm that interactive teaching methods and supportive learning environments enhance students’ confidence in dealing with complex accounting material. This study contributes to accounting education literature by demonstrating that perceived course complexity is multidimensional and shaped by the interaction of internal and external factors. Practically, the findings suggest that educators and institutions should adopt student-centered teaching strategies, adaptive curricula, and supportive learning environments to mitigate perceived complexity and improve learning outcomes. Key words: Personal factors, Academic factors, Environmental factors, Accounting complexity, Students’ perception
Copyright (c) 2025 Ulfa Nurhayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT THROUGH PASAR KAMU (YOUTH BREAKFAST MARKET) IN DENAI LAMA VILLAGE DELI SERDANG REGENCY
The purpose of this study is to examine the Youth Creative Breakfast Market (PASAR KAMU) located in Denai Lama Village, Pantai Labu District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra. This study uses a case study approach. The object of this study is the Youth Creative Breakfast Market (PASAR KAMU). Data sources consist of individuals directly and indirectly involved in the activity. To collect data, the researcher used several techniques including documentation, observation, and interviews. Data analysis in this study uses an interpretive approach that aims to achieve a comprehensive understanding of facts, data, and phenomena. This study focuses on the community empowerment process carried out in three stages: the discovery of the PASAR KAMU model, capacity transformation, and capability enhancement. The community empowerment program implemented includes tourism awareness education, training in managing PASAR KAMU as a culinary tourism area, traditional musical instrument training, and entrepreneurship training. The empowerment activities carried out by the Area Kawan Lama group for PASAR KAMU volunteers have resulted in an increased entrepreneurial spirit among young people, increased family income, and contributed to the preservation of regional arts and culture, especially performing arts and traditional Javanese and Malay foods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ulul Azmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0