Jurnal Pelita Pendidikan
type: channel
description: Pelita Pendidikan Journal is a national scientific journal with open access and a peer-reviewed system that contains research articles related to biology education. This journal is managed by the Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medan State University. This journal is published four times a year in March, June, September, and December. This journal presents the results of research in the field of Biology Education including learning models, classroom assessment, media learning, scientific process skills, scientific literacy, scientific attitude, teaching strategy, thinking skills, learning difficulties, teacher professional development, and moral knowing. This journal has an ISSN Print number 2338-3003 and ISSN Online number 2502-3217. Based on the online ISSN SK, the Pelita Pendidikan Journal already has ISSN Online starting from Vol. 4, No. 1, March 2016. Indexing:
publisher: Universitas Negeri Medan
language: en
publication name: Jurnal Pelita Pendidikan
issn: 2338-3003
copyright: Jurnal Pelita Pendidikan is using CC BY license. This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon Pelita Pendidikan's articles (even commercially), as long as they credit the authors for the original creation. This journal is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
items: PEER TUTORS AS CATALYSTS FOR BIOLOGY LEARNING
items: DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-TEXTBOOK LEARNING MATERIAL BASED ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PITCHER PLANTS (NEPENTHES SP.) IN NORTH SUMATRA AS A SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ENRICHMENT
items: ANALYSIS OF CONSERVATION LITERACY OF PROSPECTIVE BIOLOGY TEACHERS AND EFFORTS TO IMPROVE IT THROUGH INTEGRATED CAMPUS PROGRAMS
items: STEM IN BIOLOGY CLASSROOM: EXPLORING IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN INDONESIAN SCHOOLS
items: IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL WISDOM-BASED BIOTECHNOLOGY TEXTBOOK FROM TABAGSEL REGION ON CREATIVITY AND CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH TAPANULI SELATAN
items: EFFECT OF THE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) MODEL ON THE STUDENT CRITICAL THINKING SKILL ON EXCRETORY SYSTEM MATERIAL IN CLASS XI SMA NEGERI 1 DOLOK PANRIBUAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024
items: IMPLEMENTATION OF WORDWALL LEARNING MEDIA ON THE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CLASS VIII STUDENTS ON THE MATERIAL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AT BINTANG LANGKAT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
items: DEVELOPMENT OF SAIQU TEACHING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING ON THE TOPIC "BEHAVIOR HONEST, TRUSTWORTHY, AND CONSISTENT" AT SMP-IT PELITA DOKTORA
items: PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING (PBL) BASED E-WORKSHEETS ON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MATERIAL TO IMPROVE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
items: META-ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT SIZES OF DIGITAL LEARNING MEDIA ON STUDENT MOTIVATION
items: E-WORKSHEET ORIENTED PROBLEM BASED LEARNING TO FOSTER SCIENTIFIC LITERACY: AN ANALYSIS OF PRESERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHERS’ COMPETENCE IN DEVELOPING LEARNING TOOLS
items: THE EFFECT OF TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENT MODEL ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES ON THE HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM MATERIAL IN CLASS XI AT SMA NEGERI 2 PERCUT SEI TUAN
items: TALES OF SCIENCE: THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF FOLKLORE IN HIGHER EDUCATION BIOLOGY
items: ANALYSIS OF THE NEEDS OF ANIMATED VIDEO LEARNING MEDIA IN THE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY COURSE IN THE SCIENCE STUDY PROGRAM AT UIN DATOKARAMA PALU
items: IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING BASED ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) IN CALCULATING BACTERIAL POPULATION GROWTH
items: ANALYSIS OF STUDENT LEARNING PROBLEMS IN ENTOMOLOGY LECTURES
items: THE INFLUENCE OF THE DISCOVERY LEARNING MODEL ON THE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CLASS VII STUDENTS OF BINTANG LANGKAT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
items: ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' LEARNING DIFFICULTIES ON PROTISTA MATERIAL CLASS X MIA PANCASILA EDUCATION FOUNDATION SAWIT SEBRANG 2024/2025
items: INTEREST IN LEARNING SCIENCE SUBJECTS AMONG STUDENTS AT SMP AN-NAHLU KISARAN
items: DEVELOPMENT OF VIDEO LEARNING MEDIA ON EXCRETION SYSTEM MATERIAL FOR CLASS XI SMA NEGERI 18 MEDAN T.A. 2023/2024
items: UTILIZATION OF SUJONO BEACH AS A NATURAL LABORATORY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN BIOLOGY EDUCATION
items: THE APPLICATION OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PjBL) MODEL ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES OF BIODIVERSITY MATERIAL
items: ENHANCING STUDENTS’ LEARNING ACTIVITY AND ACHIEVEMENT IN THE INVERTEBRATE SUBTOPIC THROUGH LABORATORY WORK
items: https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/pelita/article/view/67193
items: DISASTER MITIGATION LITERACY PROFILE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PONTIANAK
items: THE EFFECT OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL WITH SCIENTIFIC LITERACY ON STUDENTS COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES IN CLASS VII ECOLOGY MATERIAL AT SMP NEGERI 12 MEDAN
items: THE EFFECT OF TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT LEARNING MODEL ON COOPERATION ABILITY, MOTIVATION AND COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF GRADE XI IPA STUDENTS
items: THE INTEGRATION OF PARAM AS TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF KARO ETHNIC IN SCIENCE LEARNING AT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL BY USING ETHNOSCIENCE APPROACH
items: VALIDITY OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TEXTBOOKS BASED ON SCIENCE LITERACY
items: IMPLEMENTATION OF LEARNING BASED ON E-WORKSHEETS WITH A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH ON THE MATERIAL OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN CLASS XI SMA UNGGULAN AL-MANAR

PEER TUTORS AS CATALYSTS FOR BIOLOGY LEARNING
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the role of peer tutors as a catalyst in improving Biology learning. The background of this study is the low level of student engagement and conceptual understanding in conventional Biology learning. Peer tutoring is a collaborative learning strategy that encourages interaction and communication between students. This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design involving an experimental class and a control class. The experimental class implemented peer tutoring, while the control class used conventional learning. Data were collected through learning outcome tests, observations, and student response questionnaires. The results showed that peer tutoring significantly improved student engagement and learning outcomes. Thus, peer tutoring is effective as a catalyst in Biology learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sailana Mira Rangkuty
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 195
ending page: 203
doi: 10.24114/jpp.v13i4.72488

DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-TEXTBOOK LEARNING MATERIAL BASED ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PITCHER PLANTS (NEPENTHES SP.) IN NORTH SUMATRA AS A SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ENRICHMENT
type: item
description: This research aimed to develop a non-textbook on the characterization of pitcher plants (Nepenthes sp.) in North Sumatra as an alternative educational media and knowledge enrichment source for the general public. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the 4D model (define, design, develop, disseminate) to systematically identify user needs, design content, validate the product, and evaluate its effectiveness. Field data were collected from six regencies in North Sumatra, involving morphological observations of 37 characters with 72 sub-characters across various species. The developed non-textbook, Exploring the World of North Sumatran Pitcher Plants, comprises 120 pages with carefully designed layout, typography, and illustrations. Expert validation across content, language, presentation, and graphic aspects indicated that the book met high-quality standards. A limited-scale trial with 20 general public participants further confirmed its feasibility, with an average assessment score of 85.11 (excellent). During dissemination, 60 participants from Medan, the research regencies, and North Sulawesi underwent a pretest–posttest evaluation, showing a substantial increase in knowledge, with an average N-gain of 1.37 (high). The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed non-textbook in enhancing public understanding of Nepenthes species while promoting biodiversity literacy and conservation awareness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Letti Nainggolan
creator: Anggi Wulansari
creator: Nobel Timbuleng
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 204
ending page: 211
doi: 10.24114/jpp.v13i4.72387

ANALYSIS OF CONSERVATION LITERACY OF PROSPECTIVE BIOLOGY TEACHERS AND EFFORTS TO IMPROVE IT THROUGH INTEGRATED CAMPUS PROGRAMS
type: item
description: This study aims to describe the level of conservation literacy of prospective biology teachers. Data were obtained through a survey using a Likert-scale questionnaire with three main aspects (knowledge, attitudes, and skills). Respondents were seventh-semester students who completed the instrument online. The resulting data were then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the knowledge aspect was classified as good, although participation in scientific forums was still low. The attitude aspect was categorized as very good, but discipline in energy conservation needs to be improved. The skills aspect was classified as good but needed strengthening through creative activities such as composting, ecobricks, and school conservation projects. The conservation action aspect was not optimal because the activities were still individual and simple, so support and training were needed to encourage collaborative involvement. The conclusion of this study confirms that the conservation literacy of prospective biology teachers is quite developed at the level of knowledge and attitudes, but is still limited in the implementation of concrete actions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Pani Aswin
creator: Rita Rahmayanti
creator: Annesha Rahmadayanti
creator: Kasrina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 181
ending page: 186

STEM IN BIOLOGY CLASSROOM: EXPLORING IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN INDONESIAN SCHOOLS
type: item
description: STEM-based learning (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) has the potential to enhance the relevance of biology education to 21st-century life through interdisciplinary and project-based approaches. However, its implementation in Indonesia still faces various challenges. This review article aims to identify the key barriers to implementing STEM in biology education, particularly concerning teacher readiness, facilities and infrastructure, and educational policy support. This study employed a narrative literature review method based on 15 national and international journal articles published between 2015 and 2025. Sources were collected through Google Scholar, DOAJ, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink using the keywords “STEM education,” “biology learning,” and “Indonesia.” The review found four major challenges: (1) limited teacher competence in designing interdisciplinary learning; (2) lack of laboratory and technological facilities; (3) misalignment between the curriculum and assessment systems with STEM principles; and (4) low student motivation and literacy in STEM. Several initiatives, such as teacher training, project-based learning practices, and the integration of local contexts, have shown promising results. This study highlights the need for comprehensive strategies to strengthen teacher capacity, provide adequate infrastructure, and align educational policies to ensure that STEM implementation in biology education can be more effective and sustainable in the Indonesian context.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Annesha Rahmadayanti
creator: Rita Rahmayanti
creator: Pani Aswin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 176
ending page: 180

IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL WISDOM-BASED BIOTECHNOLOGY TEXTBOOK FROM TABAGSEL REGION ON CREATIVITY AND CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH TAPANULI SELATAN
type: item
description: The objective of this study is to determine the implementation of a Tabagsel local wisdom-based biotechnology textbook on the creativity and critical thinking abilities of students at UMTS in the biotechnology course. The method employed in this research is PTK to assess the creativity and critical thinking abilities of students at UMTS. This PTK was conducted in 2 cycles, each consisting of stages: Analysis, Fact Finding, Conceptualization, Planning, Implementation, Additional Fact Finding, and Evaluation. The results of this study indicate that the highest score on the student creativity test in cycle I was 85 and the lowest was 54. The highest score on the student creativity test in cycle II was 95 and the lowest was 75. The increase in student creativity test scores was 10 points. The number of students who achieved mastery on the creativity test in cycle I was 12 students and in cycle II was 17 students, with an increase of 5 students. The conclusions of this study are: The PKK on the student creativity test in cycle I was 50% and in cycle II was 70%, with an increase of 20%; The percentage of students who achieved mastery on the critical thinking test was 80%, while those who did not achieve mastery was 20%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Melvariani Syari Batubara
creator: Rafiqah Amanda Lubis
creator: Elda Sari Siregar
creator: Happy Sri Rezeki Purba
creator: Ilmi Aulina Rahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.24114/dmxre321

EFFECT OF THE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) MODEL ON THE STUDENT CRITICAL THINKING SKILL ON EXCRETORY SYSTEM MATERIAL IN CLASS XI SMA NEGERI 1 DOLOK PANRIBUAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024
type: item
description: This research aims to obtain related information; The influence of the PBL model on critical thinking skills at SMA Negeri 1 Dolok Panribuan. This research is a type of quasi experiment research. This research was carried out at SMA Negeri 1 Dolok Panribuan Simalungun Regency. Samples were taken by proportional random sampling technique. The data collection method uses critical thinking skills questions consisting of pretest and posttest. The effect of the PBL learning model on students' critical thinking skills at SMA Negeri 1 Dolok Panribuan is as follows: There is a comparison of the results of posttest calculations in the control class and the experimental class with the Independent Sample T-Test to obtain the results of the t-table > t-calculation value of 2.998 > 1.997 with α = 5% where based on the results of the t-test it can be concluded that there is an influence of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on Students' Critical Thinking Skills on System Materials Excretion at SMA Negeri 1 Dolok Panribuan. The PBL learning model is better used for student learning outcomes with an average score of 83.25 than the conventional learning model with an average score of 76.00.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Andri Marusaha Napitupulu
creator: Hudson Sidabutar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 218
ending page: 223
doi: 10.24114/jpp.v13i4.71591

IMPLEMENTATION OF WORDWALL LEARNING MEDIA ON THE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CLASS VIII STUDENTS ON THE MATERIAL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AT BINTANG LANGKAT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
type: item
description: Low student learning outcomes are a common problem at the end of the learning process. Suboptimal use of learning media is one of the causes of low student learning outcomes. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the extent to which the use of Wordwall learning media affects the learning outcomes of class VIII students at SMP Bintang Langkat. This study used a quantitative approach with the Quasi Experiment method. The research population was all eighth-grade students. The sampling technique was carried out using a purposive sampling method. The sample group was divided into two classes, namely the control class taught conventionally and the experimental class taught with wordwall media. Each class will be given a pretest and posttest. The instrument used was a multiple-choice test instrument with 20 questions on the material of growth and development. Before testing the hypothesis, the data were tested for normality and homogeneity. From the analysis results, it was obtained that the sample was normally distributed and categorized as homogeneous. Furthermore, a statistical hypothesis test can be carried out using the t-test. The results of the hypothesis test with the t-test showed that the calculated t-value was greater than the t-table so that Ho was rejected. This means that there is an effect of the use of the discovery learning model on the learning outcomes of students at SMP Bintang Langkat.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dini Puji Anggraini
creator: Azrina Purba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 170
ending page: 175

DEVELOPMENT OF SAIQU TEACHING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING ON THE TOPIC "BEHAVIOR HONEST, TRUSTWORTHY, AND CONSISTENT" AT SMP-IT PELITA DOKTORA
type: item
description: This research focuses on the development of SAIQU (Science and Quran) teaching materials for the topic of "Behaving honestly, trustworthy, and consistently" in Islamic Religious Education and Character Education subjects at the Junior High School (SMP) level. The Research and Development (R&D) method is used with the ADDIE model, which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The teaching materials were validated by three experts in Islamic religious education, natural sciences, and language. The validation results show that the SAIQU teaching materials meet excellent eligibility standards regarding content, language, integration of Islamic values ​​with scientific concepts, and presentation appearance. This material successfully combines scientific and spiritual elements harmoniously. This material can also stimulate active student involvement through experimental activities, observation, and contemplation of kauniyah verses. Through this approach, students gain a deeper understanding of concepts and develop religious character and the critical, reflective, and collaborative thinking skills needed to face the challenges of the 21st century. Therefore, SAIQU teaching materials are considered appropriate as contextual learning media to support the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in Islamic educational settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sukarno
creator: Salma Melia Wati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 163
ending page: 169

PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING (PBL) BASED E-WORKSHEETS ON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MATERIAL TO IMPROVE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
type: item
description: This research aims to develop and implement an electronic student worksheet based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) for digestive system material to enhance the critical thinking skills of junior high school students. The PBL model, which emphasizes problem-solving and student-centered learning, is integrated into interactive digital worksheets to facilitate learning anytime and anywhere. This study employed the ADDIE instructional design model, but was limited to the development phase. The validation process involved media and content experts to assess the feasibility of the developed PBL-based E-Worksheet. Validation results indicated that the media aspect received an average score of 77.7%, categorized as feasible, though revisions were needed in supporting images that were deemed less appropriate. Meanwhile, the content aspect obtained a score of 69.4%, also classified as feasible, with suggestions for improvement in learning indicators, images, and supporting videos. Based on these validation outcomes, the PBL-based E-Worksheet was deemed suitable for trial implementation. However, this study was confined to the development stage. Therefore, further research is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness and practicality of E-Worksheet in enhancing students' critical thinking skills.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dini Fitria
creator: Vira Angrella
creator: Endah Suciaty
creator: Malika Nurul Annisa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 157
ending page: 162

META-ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT SIZES OF DIGITAL LEARNING MEDIA ON STUDENT MOTIVATION
type: item
description: The utilization of digital learning media in science education has experienced significant growth in line with rapid technological advancements. This study aims to systematically examine the effects of various digital learning media on students’ learning motivation in science education through a meta-analytic approach. Data were analyzed from 32 relevant empirical studies published between 2017 and 2021 using Cohen’s d effect size test. The meta-analysis results indicate that video-based learning media exert the greatest influence on student motivation (d = 4.27), categorized as a very large effect size. Audio-visual media show a large effect (d = 1.22), while ICT-based media and digital games exhibit medium (d = 0.50) and small (d = 0.09) effect sizes, respectively. These findings show that the effectiveness of digital learning media in enhancing students’ motivation varies depending on the characteristics of the media used. This study is expected to provide valuable insights for educators and curriculum developers in selecting the most effective digital media to foster learning motivation in science education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nadia Mubarokah
creator: Tariza Fairuz
creator: Sri Masnita Pardosi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 145
ending page: 156

E-WORKSHEET ORIENTED PROBLEM BASED LEARNING TO FOSTER SCIENTIFIC LITERACY: AN ANALYSIS OF PRESERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHERS’ COMPETENCE IN DEVELOPING LEARNING TOOLS
type: item
description: This study investigates the competencies of preservice biology teachers in developing e-worksheets based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to enhance students’ scientific literacy. Indonesian students’ consistently low performance in international assessments such as PISA highlights the need for innovative learning tools to improve instructional quality. PBL has been recognized as an effective approach to promoting scientific literacy, and preservice teachers must be equipped to design high quality materials for 21st century classrooms. A qualitative descriptive method was applied with 10 seventh-semester biology education students enrolled in a TPACK course at Samudra University. Participants were tasked with designing e-worksheets integrated with PBL principles. Data were collected through rubric-based document analysis, evaluating pedagogical competence in PBL integration, scientific literacy alignment, technological content knowledge (TCK), and overall product quality. Findings show that most participants effectively integrated PBL components (79.5%), aligned designs with scientific literacy goals (82.5%) and overall quality of e-worksheet (82%), though challenges remain in contextualizing problems and optimizing technological content knowledge (70%). Strengthening preservice teachers’ pedagogical and technological competencies is essential for preparing high-quality future educators.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Raja Novi Ariska
creator: Sailana Mira Rangkuty
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 187
ending page: 194
doi: 10.24114/jpp.v13i4.70180

THE EFFECT OF TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENT MODEL ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES ON THE HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM MATERIAL IN CLASS XI AT SMA NEGERI 2 PERCUT SEI TUAN
type: item
description: This study aims to determine the effect of the teams games tournament model on student learning outcomes on human excretory system material in class XI SMA Negeri 2 Percut Sei Tuan. This research uses quantitative methods with a pseudo-experimental approach. The research design used was non-equivalent control group. The research population includes all students of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Percut Sei Tuan, which consists of 6 classes. The research sample was selected using random sampling technique, class XI 3 SMA as the experimental class and class XI 4 SMA as the control class. The average data of pre-test and post-test of cognitive abilities in the experimental class were 50.44 and 86.44 and in the control class were 52.77 and 79.44. Based on hypothesis testing, for the experimental class and control class obtained tcount = 7.385 and ttable = 2.0017, then tcount > ttable. The results of observations of student activity at meeting one to meeting two have increased, at meeting one by 80% and at meeting two by 87%, it is concluded that there is an effect of the team games tournament model on student learning outcomes on the material of the human excretory system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Annisa Dea Fadillah
creator: Dina Handayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 139
ending page: 144

TALES OF SCIENCE: THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF FOLKLORE IN HIGHER EDUCATION BIOLOGY
type: item
description: This research investigates the effectiveness of integrating folklore narratives into biology education within higher education as a pedagogical strategy to enhance scientific literacy and conceptual understanding. The study explores how folklore-based learning can improve students’ comprehension of core biological concepts, including ecology, genetics, and biodiversity, by connecting abstract scientific principles to relatable cultural contexts. Through the analysis of various folklore traditions and their implicit biological principles, this study demonstrates the potential of these narratives to bridge the gap between theoretical biology and real-world applications. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the impact of folklore-based instruction on student learning outcomes compared to traditional teaching methods. Results indicate significant improvements in student engagement, critical thinking skills, and conceptual understanding of biology among higher education students exposed to folklore-integrated lessons. This approach not only promotes cultural awareness and appreciation for traditional knowledge but also stimulates scientific discourse and problem-solving abilities. This study advocates for the incorporation of local folklore into science curricula within higher education to enrich student learning experiences and foster a deeper, more nuanced understanding of biology and its societal relevance, ultimately contributing to improved scientific literacy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sri Masnita Pardosi
creator: Nadia Mubarokah
creator: Tariza Fairuz
creator: Sailana Mira Rangkuty
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 102
ending page: 108

ANALYSIS OF THE NEEDS OF ANIMATED VIDEO LEARNING MEDIA IN THE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY COURSE IN THE SCIENCE STUDY PROGRAM AT UIN DATOKARAMA PALU
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to analyze the learning media used during lectures in the Science Education Study Program in the Human Anatomy and Physiology course. This type of research is development research with the ADDIE development model at the Analyze stage. The population in this study were all Science Education students of UIN Datokarama Palu, and the study sample was used by 22 students who have taken courses in the Human Anatomy and Physiology. Data collection techniques through observation and filling out a needs questionnaire. The instrument used was a media needs questionnaire in the form of a questionnaire in the form of a google form. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that the learning process was mostly still conventional such as lectures and presentation discussions. The learning media used was also still limited to powerpoint and handouts. The Human Anatomy and Physiology course contains several concepts that cannot be learned directly but require the help of learning media such as animated videos to visualize abstract concepts including the digestive system material.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Indri Pratiwi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 122
ending page: 130

IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING BASED ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) IN CALCULATING BACTERIAL POPULATION GROWTH
type: item
description: This study aims to explore the implementation of project based learning (PjBL) based on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in calculating bacterial population growth. The research was conducted using a classroom action research (CAR) design with students of Parulian Senior High School as participants. Through the PjBL – STEM approach, students were angaged in project activities that entegrated biological concepts of bacterial growth with mathematical models, particularly exponential and logistic growth equations. Data were collected through observations, tests, and student project reports, then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the implementation of PjBL-STEM improved students’ understanding of bacterial growth concepts, enhanced their ability to apply mathematical calculations in biological contexts, and fostered collaboration and problem-solving skills. This study demonstrates that integrating STEM-based project learning into biology classes effectively enhances students’ conceptual mastery and critical thinking.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 118
ending page: 121

ANALYSIS OF STUDENT LEARNING PROBLEMS IN ENTOMOLOGY LECTURES
type: item
description: The main problem in Entomology lectures is the low level of active participation among students and their difficulty in understanding the material on insect classification and morphology. This has an impact on suboptimal learning outcomes and student interest in the field of entomology. The urgency of this research lies in the importance of identifying factors that hinder the learning process as a basis for developing more effective and relevant learning strategies. The objective of this study is to analyze students' learning problems in Entomology courses based on their own perceptions. This study uses a survey method with a descriptive quantitative approach. The main instrument is a closed-ended questionnaire covering five aspects of learning problems: understanding of material, learning media, teaching methods, availability of learning resources, and learning motivation. The research subjects consisted of 93 students from the Biology Education Program at FITK UINSU in the even semester of the 2024/2025 academic year who were enrolled in Entomology courses. The analysis results showed that 68% of students experienced difficulties in understanding insect classification material, 54% stated that learning media were uninteresting, and 47% considered the teaching methods used by lecturers to be insufficiently varied. The conclusion of this study indicates that students' learning challenges in Entomology lectures remain significant and diverse, necessitating the development of interactive learning media and innovative pedagogical strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the learning process.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Adi Hartono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 109
ending page: 117

THE INFLUENCE OF THE DISCOVERY LEARNING MODEL ON THE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CLASS VII STUDENTS OF BINTANG LANGKAT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
type: item
description: Low student learning outcomes are a common problem found in the learning process. Learning models that are not yet varied are one of the causes of low student learning outcomes. This research aims to see the effect of the discovery learning model on the learning outcomes of class VII students at Bintang Langkat Junior High School. This research was carried out at Bintang Langkat Junior High School. The population in this study were all class VII students at Bintang Langkat Junior High School. The sample group was divided into 2 classes, namely the control class and the experimental class. Each class will be given a pretest and posttest. The instrument used was a multiplechoice test instrument with 20 questions. Before testing the hypothesis, the data was tested for normality and homogeneity. From the analysis results it was found that the samples were normally distributed and categorized as homogeneous. Next, a statistical hypothesis test can be carried out using the t test. The results of hypothesis testing with the t test show that H0 is rejected. So it can be interpreted that there is an influence of the use of the discovery learning model on the learning outcomes of Bintang Langkat Junior High School students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dini Puji Anggraini
creator: Anis Syafitri
creator: Diah Kesumawati
creator: Azrina Purba
creator: Haryati
creator: Unita Sukma Zuliani Nasution
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 140
ending page: 144

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' LEARNING DIFFICULTIES ON PROTISTA MATERIAL CLASS X MIA PANCASILA EDUCATION FOUNDATION SAWIT SEBRANG 2024/2025
type: item
description: This study aims to determine students' learning difficulties in the material protista based on learning outcome indicators and cognitive aspects and factors causing learning difficulties of class X students of SMA Yayasan Pendidikan Pancasila in the 2024/2025 Academic Year. This type of research is descriptive-quantitative research using several data collection techniques, namely questionnaires and learning outcome tests. The most dominant external factor causing students' difficulties in learning biology protista material in class X MIA Yayasan Pendidikan Pancasila is the Family Environment factor in the Very High Difficulty category with an overall average of 91.96%. Meanwhile, the most dominant internal factor causing students' difficulties in learning biology protista material in class X MIA Swab Yayasan Pendidikan Pancasila is the Intelligence factor in the Very High Difficulty category with an overall average of 92.53%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 95
ending page: 101

INTEREST IN LEARNING SCIENCE SUBJECTS AMONG STUDENTS AT SMP AN-NAHLU KISARAN
type: item
description: This study aims to describe the learning interest of An-Nahlu Kisaran Junior High School students in Natural Sciences (IPA). This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The research population consisted of all 144 students in grades VII and VIII (5 classes). Data was obtained through a closed questionnaire that measured aspects of learning interest, including feelings of enjoyment, interest, attention, and student participation in science learning. The results of the study show that the majority of students have a good interest in learning, with an average score of 166.0. The results show that 11% (9 students) are very interested, 38% (31 students) are interested, 30% (25 students) are quite interested, 16% (13 students) are less interested, and only 5% (4 students) are not interested in science subjects. Based on gender, there was no difference between the two. Male and female students had the same level of interest in science subjects. Internal factors, such as motivation, curiosity, and attention, as well as external factors, such as support from family, school, and environment, influenced students' level of interest in learning. From the results of this study, it can be said that the learning environment at SMP An Nahlu has supported the development of students' interest in science subjects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 88
ending page: 94

DEVELOPMENT OF VIDEO LEARNING MEDIA ON EXCRETION SYSTEM MATERIAL FOR CLASS XI SMA NEGERI 18 MEDAN T.A. 2023/2024
type: item
description: This research aims to develop and test the feasibility of video learning media and test its influence on student learning outcomes in the distribution stage on human excretory system material. Learning media is developed based on the 4D development model which consists of four stages, namely definition, design, development and distribution. Media is validated by media experts and learning experts. Responses from biology teachers and students of class XI MIA 1 SMA Negeri 18 Medan. Research data was obtained through validation instruments, questionnaires and cognitive tests. Data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The research results showed that the video learning media developed was considered very feasible by material experts (97,94%), media experts (93,66%). Video learning media was rated as very appropriate and very good by biology teachers (96.94%) and students (82.91%). From the t test, the calculated t value = 13,491 and t table = 1.69092 which shows that t calculated > t table. These data show that cognitive test results have increased significantly after using the video learning media developed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Yariski Sipayung
creator: Herbert Sipahutar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 79
ending page: 87

UTILIZATION OF SUJONO BEACH AS A NATURAL LABORATORY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN BIOLOGY EDUCATION
type: item
description: This study aims to identify the diversity of invertebrate species in the Sujono Beach area, Lalang Village, Medang Deras District, Batubara Regency. The study, which was conducted on May 27, 2025, used direct observation and survey methods to collect specimens. The collected invertebrates were then identified taxonomically based on morphological, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics to the phylum, class, and order levels, followed by wet preservation. The results of the study showed significant invertebrate diversity, especially from the Mollusca and Arthropoda phyla. A total of 14 species of Mollusca were identified, including Anadara antiquata , Turritella communis , and Placuna placenta . In addition, 3 species of Arthropods were also found, namely Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Scylla spp. , and one species of Echinodermata, Tripneustes gratilla . The high invertebrate diversity indicates that the environmental conditions of Sujono Beach are relatively well maintained. This study underscores the potential of Sujono Beach as a natural laboratory for biology education, particularly in invertebrate identification, and highlights the importance of sustainable habitat management and conservation efforts to maintain ecological balance and ensure the long-term sustainability of this species.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aldiansyah Ramadhan
creator: Zizni Ilma
creator: Lola Zeramenda Tarigan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 68
ending page: 78

THE APPLICATION OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PjBL) MODEL ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES OF BIODIVERSITY MATERIAL
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to see the application of the PjBL model on student learning outcomes of biodiversity material in class X SMAN 19 Medan. This research used pre-experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. The sample was taken by random sampling technique, namely class X-8. Data collection to measure learning outcomes used multiple choice questions and observation sheets. The results showed an increase in cognitive learning outcomes with n-gain 0.62 (medium category), as well as affective and psychomotor outcomes in the good category. In conclusion, the application of theh PjBL model is able to improve cognitive, affective and psychomotor learning outcome.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 62
ending page: 67

ENHANCING STUDENTS’ LEARNING ACTIVITY AND ACHIEVEMENT IN THE INVERTEBRATE SUBTOPIC THROUGH LABORATORY WORK
type: item
description: The objectives of this study were to find out and knowing the effect of laboratory work on students’ learning activity and learning achievement on the topic of annelids and molluscs. This study was classified as quasi experimental with two group pretest – posttest design. This study was implemented at MAN 1 Medan grade X; samples of this study determined by cluster random sampling and obtained X-7 as experimental class and X-6 as control class. The study variable were consist of dependent variable, they are students’ learning activity and students’ achievement while the independent variable were using practicum method in experimental class and traditional method in control class. This study used test and non test instrument. Test instrument was cognitive test in form of multiple choice and essay whereas non test using observation sheet. The data analysis method was using t-test. The study result shows that involvement level of students’ learning activity on experimental class was higher than control class (62%> 45%). It means students’ learning activity in learning invertebrate subtopic that taught by practicum method more active than taught by traditional method. Average score of students’ achievements on experimental class was 83 (increase 34.17 point from pretest) and control class was 71.5 (increase 22.33 point from pretest). There was a significant difference between students’ achievement mean score on experimental class and control class then laboratory work have positive effect on students’ learning achievement in learning invertebrate subtopic at MAN 1 Medan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Shofia Lubis
creator: Rahmad Gultom
creator: Hasruddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 56
ending page: 61

https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/pelita/article/view/67193
type: item
title: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 21ST CENTURY SKILLS AND STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODELS IN CLASS X ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE MATERIALS AT SMA NEGERI 5 MEDAN T.P 2023/2024
description: This study aims to find out 21st century skills and student learning outcomes, determine the relationship between 21st century skills and student learning outcomes, and its contribution through the application of problem based learning models on environmental change materials. The population in this study is all class X students at SMA Negeri 5 Medan. The sample in this study is students in grades X-4 and X-7 totaling 71 students determined using random sampling techniques. This study uses a quantitative descriptive research method. The research instruments used are in the form of observation sheets, objective tests, and documentation. Data analysis consists of normality, linearity, correlation, hypothesis, and determination tests. The results of the study show that: 1) the 21st century skills of grade X students of SMA Negeri 5 get an average score of 2.65 included in the "Moderate" criterion. Communication skills obtained the highest score of 3.49 and creative thinking skills obtained the lowest score of 0.94. 2) The students' learning outcomes received an average posttest score of 73.75 in the "Not achieved" category. 3) The relationship between 21st century skills and student learning outcomes through the application of the problem-based learning model based on the Pearson correlation test obtained a correlation value of 0.554 which proves that 21st century skills and learning outcomes have a positive relationship. 4) The contribution of 21st century skills to student learning outcomes is 30.7%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 20
ending page: 28

DISASTER MITIGATION LITERACY PROFILE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PONTIANAK
type: item
description: Understanding disaster mitigation is needed to reduce risk and respond more effectively to disasters. This study aimed to analyze the disaster mitigation literacy profile of high school students in Pontianak. This research used a quantitative descriptive method. The research subjects involved grade XI high school students in Pontianak, with as many as 331 respondents. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire containing a list of statements arranged according to a Likert scale. The results indicated that the disaster mitigation literacy of high school students in Pontianak included the criteria of “tough” in all components and indicators showed by the average percentage score of the knowledge component is 75.55%, the attitude component is 77.47%, and the skills component is 74.36%. The results of disaster mitigation literacy of high school students in Pontianak based on gender and disaster experience are also included in the “tough ” criteria. Therefore, the study results show that the disaster mitigation literacy of high school students in Pontianak is in the “tough” criteria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nasreen Nischka Minderman
creator: Afandi
creator: Andi Besse Tenriawaru
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 42
ending page: 54

THE EFFECT OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL WITH SCIENTIFIC LITERACY ON STUDENTS COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES IN CLASS VII ECOLOGY MATERIAL AT SMP NEGERI 12 MEDAN
type: item
description: The Study aims to determine the effect of the problem based learning model with scientific literacy on students cognitive learning outcomes in ecology material. Population in the study were all students of class VII of SMP Negeri 12 Medan consisting of 9 classes with a total of 284 students. The Sample was taken from one class, namely the experimental class VII-2 with a total of 30 students. Type of research is quantitative research with pre experimental and research design used is one group pre-test and post-test design. Data analysis technique used the paired sample t-test hypothesis test using SPSS Statistics 25 software. Average and standard deviation pretest is 39.06 ± 8.77 and the posttest is 86.63 ± 7.22. Results of the hypothesis test obtained results with Sig. value data (2-tailed) of 0.000<0.05, the hypothesis Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. The conclusion is that the problem based learning model with scientific literacy has an effect on students cogntive learning outcomes in the ecology material of class VII at SMP Negeri 12 Medan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Melati Sri Agnes Sipahutar
creator: Herbert Sipahutar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 36
ending page: 41

THE EFFECT OF TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT LEARNING MODEL ON COOPERATION ABILITY, MOTIVATION AND COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF GRADE XI IPA STUDENTS
type: item
description: This study was aimed to determine the effect of the TGT learning model on students’ cooperation skills, motivation and cognitive learning outcomes on the Blood Circulatory System in class XI SMA Negeri 13 Medan academic year of 2023/2024. This type of research is a quasi-experimental with Pre- and Post-test Control Group Design. This study used two classes, namely class XI 6 as the experimental class taught with the TGT learning model and class XI 5 as the control class with Direct Instruction learning model. The results showed that the average score of students' cooperation skills in the experimental class 86%, was higher than the control class 64% (t test, p < 0.05). The average score of student motivation in the experimental class (80.13) was significantly higher than the control class (67.67) (t test, p < 0.05). While the average post-test score of student learning outcomes in the experimental class (80.00) was significantly higher than the control class (72.22). Based on these results, it is concluded that the TGT learning model has an significant effect to improving students' cooperation skills, motivation and cognitive learning outcomes in the Blood Circulatory System material in class XI SMA Negeri 13 Medan TP 2023/2024.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ayu Monita Turnip
creator: Herbert Sipahutar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 29
ending page: 35

THE INTEGRATION OF PARAM AS TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF KARO ETHNIC IN SCIENCE LEARNING AT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL BY USING ETHNOSCIENCE APPROACH
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the indigenous knowledge of the traditional oil formulation of the Karo ethnic using an ethnoscience approach. The ethnoscience approach is a learning method that reconstructs indigenous science into scientific knowledge. This research is a descriptive qualitative study. Data was collected through a literature review, observations, and interviews with the Karo ethnic residing in Medan. The results show that the Paeam formulation involves various types of spices, leaves, and roots. There are 4 plant species used as ingredients in the preparation of param, they belong to 8 different plant families.The family with the most species is Zingiberaceae, with 6 species. Based on the results obtained, the study further explores indigenous science using an ethnoscience approach. The reconstruction of indigenous knowledge into scientific knowledge in the processing of Paraml can be observed in the following stages: 1) The collection of spices and, 2) The Process of Making Param. The integration of param processing into Junior High School science learning can be seen in the topics of classification of living things (grade VII), element, compound, and mixture (grade VIII), and temperature, heat, and expansion (grade VII). It can be concluded that the processing of param is integrated with science learning at the junior high school.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Wina Dyah Puspita
creator: Cicik Suriani
creator: Aswarina Nasution
creator: Sanimah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 14
ending page: 19

VALIDITY OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TEXTBOOKS BASED ON SCIENCE LITERACY
type: item
description: The study aims to validate the textbook of Human Anatomy and Physiology. The validation conducted leads to the analysis of the textbook on scientific literacy, namely to determine the scope of scientific literacy in the textbook. This study is a descriptive study that aims to explain the validation results. This module was validated by three validators. There are four components that validated, namely content validity consisting of module components and the suitability of module content, construct validity, language validity, and suitability with learning that uses conceptual changes. The results of the validation of human anatomy and physiology materials for semester VI Biology students at Medan State University found that the standards for human anatomy and physiology teaching materials based on scientific literacy have met the Very Good category with a percentage score and an average number of feasibility: Content feasibility is 88.67, presentation feasibility 93%, feasibility of scientific literacy components 93%. The results of the study concluded three textbooks used in university emphasize more on the presentation of facts, concepts, principles, laws, theories and models and emphasize that students can remember information through questions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Rahmad H Gultom
creator: Shofia Lubis
creator: Sri Masnita Pardosi
creator: Alvi Sahrin Nasution
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 8
ending page: 13

IMPLEMENTATION OF LEARNING BASED ON E-WORKSHEETS WITH A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH ON THE MATERIAL OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN CLASS XI SMA UNGGULAN AL-MANAR
type: item
description: This study aims to determine the application of e-worksheet with a scientific approach in class XI IPA SMA Unggulan Al-Manar in the learning process as measured by students' critical thinking skills. The instrument for measuring the question is administered both before and after the implementation of the learning. The data analysis technique employs quantitative analysis, specifically the calculation of the average value, to assess the students' critical thinking skills. The results of the data analysis indicate that the implementation of learning using e-worksheet with a scientific approach can enhance the critical thinking skills of students in class XI IPA at SMA Unggulan Al-Manar. This is evidenced by the change in the cognitive value of students during the pretest and posttest, which fell within the very good category. The average value of students during the pretest was 54.13, while the average value increased to 86.75 during the posttest, indicating an improvement in critical thinking skills.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Endang Sulistyarini Gultom
creator: Azura Nur Yenda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 7