Retraction Policy and Archival Integrity

The journal strictly executes the COPE Retraction Guidelines. A retraction will be enforced if an article presents fabricated, falsified, or unreproducible data; constitutes redundant/duplicate publication; contains unreferenced plagiarism; infringes copyright; or violates fundamental research ethics.

To protect historical bibliographic records, retracted articles are never expunged from the journal archives. Instead, the online PDF galley is retained but distinctly watermarked on every page as "RETRACTED", and the article title is prepended with "RETRACTED:". A citable formal Retraction Note is published detailing the evidence and identifying the initiating party. Retractions are enacted strictly to preserve scholarly truth, and Article Processing Charges paid for retracted articles are non-refundable.