Emotional Leakage in Everyday School Interactions: A Descriptive Study of Grade VI Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24114/tp7z6361Keywords:
Emotional Leakage, Hidden Emotional Struggle, Nonverbal Communication, Emotion Regulation, Primary School StudentsAbstract
Hidden emotional struggle is often difficult to identify in school settings because students may present themselves as calm, happy, or socially functional while still experiencing discomfort, stress, or unexpressed emotion. This study examined how small behaviours and body language may reveal hidden emotional struggle in everyday social interaction among peers through the theoretical lens of Paul Ekman’s concept of emotional leakage. Using a descriptive quantitative design, data were collected through a seven-item Google Forms questionnaire administered to 20 Grade VI students at Cendekia Harapan School over two days. The survey focused on students’ observations of incongruent emotional presentation, their attention to subtle nonverbal cues, their own experiences of hiding emotion, and their views about the mental-health effects of prolonged concealment. The findings showed that 70% of participants had seen someone appear happy while seeming nervous or uncomfortable, 75% reported having hidden their own emotions, and 95% believed that hiding emotions for too long can affect mental health. These findings suggest that students already recognize nonverbal signs of emotional incongruence in daily life. The study contributes a school-based descriptive account of how emotional leakage is perceived by children and argues for emotionally supportive, non-diagnostic approaches to social-emotional learning in primary education.
References
Adynski, H., Propper, C., Beeber, L., Gilmore, J. H., Zou, B., & Santos, H. P. (2024). The role of emotional regulation on early child school adjustment outcomes. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 51, 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.07.003
Allen, K.-A., Greenwood, C. J., Berger, E., Patlamazoglou, L., Reupert, A., Wurf, G., May, F., O’Connor, M., Sanson, A., Olsson, C. A., & Letcher, P. (2024). Adolescent School Belonging and Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood: Findings from a Multi-wave Prospective Cohort Study. School Mental Health, 16(1), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-023-09626-6
Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2019). Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion From Human Facial Movements. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 20(1), 1–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100619832930
Carmichael, C. L., & Mizrahi, M. (2023). Connecting cues: The role of nonverbal cues in perceived responsiveness. Current Opinion in Psychology, 53, 101663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101663
Cipriano, C., Strambler, M. J., Naples, L. H., Ha, C., Kirk, M., Wood, M., Sehgal, K., Zieher, A. K., Eveleigh, A., McCarthy, M., Funaro, M., Ponnock, A., Chow, J. C., & Durlak, J. (2023). The state of evidence for social and emotional learning: A contemporary meta-analysis of universal school-based SEL interventions. Child Development, 94(5), 1181–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13968
Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 143(9), 939–991. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000110
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3–4), 169–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068
Ekman, P. (2003). Darwin, Deception, and Facial Expression. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1000(1), 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.010
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception†. Psychiatry, 32(1), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1969.11023575
Gross, J. J. (1998). The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
Kökönyei, G., Kovács, L. N., Szabó, J., & Urbán, R. (2024). Emotion Regulation Predicts Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: A Prospective Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(1), 142–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01894-4
Lennarz, H. K., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Timmerman, M. E., & Granic, I. (2018). Emotion differentiation and its relation with emotional well-being in adolescents. Cognition and Emotion, 32(3), 651–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1338177
Meng, X., Chen, Y., Rudasill, K. M., Xu, L., Yu, D., & Harrell, D. R. (2025). The Reciprocal Relationship between School Connectedness and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: A Meta-analytic Cross-lagged Panel Analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 54(10), 2574–2592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-025-02212-w
Nook, E. C. (2021). Emotion Differentiation and Youth Mental Health: Current Understanding and Open Questions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700298
Nook, E. C., Sasse, S. F., Lambert, H. K., McLaughlin, K. A., & Somerville, L. H. (2018). The Nonlinear Development of Emotion Differentiation: Granular Emotional Experience Is Low in Adolescence. Psychological Science, 29(8), 1346–1357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618773357
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.410
Somerville, M. P., Midouhas, E., Delprato, M., & Whitebread, D. (2024). Help Me If You Can I’m Feeling Down: Supporting Children’s Emotion Regulation and Well-Being in the Primary Classroom. School Mental Health, 16(2), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-024-09668-4
Voltmer, K., & von Salisch, M. (2017). Three meta-analyses of children’s emotion knowledge and their school success. Learning and Individual Differences, 59, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.08.006
Wang, Y., Luo, Q., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, K. (2024). Synchrony or asynchrony: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence based on large-scale evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1379652
Wylie, M. S., Colasante, T., De France, K., & Hollenstein, T. (2025). Does Expressive Suppression Precede Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 54(10), 2405–2418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-025-02208-6
Yuen, M., & Wu, L. (2024). Relationship between school connectedness and psychological well-being in adolescents: A meta-analysis. Current Psychology, 43(12), 10590–10605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05164-1
Zhao, Y., & Zhao, G. (2015). Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms: Examining the mediation effects of school connectedness in Chinese late adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 40(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.12.009
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Timothy Jacob, Fitriah Assagaff

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.






